Oxford Centre for Computational Neuroscience Oxford, UK.
Front Hum Neurosci. 2013 Mar 18;7:74. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00074. eCollection 2013.
Cognition can influence emotion by biasing neural activity in the first cortical region in which the reward value and subjective pleasantness of stimuli is made explicit in the representation, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). The same effect occurs in a second cortical tier for emotion, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Similar effects are found for selective attention, to for example the pleasantness vs. the intensity of stimuli, which modulates representations of reward value and affect in the orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortices. The mechanisms for the effects of cognition and attention on emotion are top-down biased competition and top-down biased activation. Affective and mood states can in turn influence memory and perception, by backprojected biasing influences. Emotion-related decision systems operate to choose between gene-specified rewards such as taste, touch, and beauty. Reasoning processes capable of planning ahead with multiple steps held in working memory in the explicit system can allow the gene-specified rewards not to be selected, or to be deferred. The stochastic, noisy, dynamics of decision-making systems in the brain may influence whether decisions are made by the selfish-gene-specified reward emotion system, or by the cognitive reasoning system that explicitly calculates reward values that are in the interests of the individual, the phenotype.
认知可以通过偏向于奖励价值和刺激主观愉悦性在第一个皮层区域中明确表示的神经活动来影响情绪,这个区域是眶额皮层(OFC)。同样的效应也发生在情绪的第二个皮层层次,即前扣带皮层(ACC)。对于选择性注意也存在类似的效应,例如刺激的愉悦性与强度之间的差异,这会调节眶额和前扣带皮层中的奖励价值和情感的表示。认知和注意力对情绪的影响机制是自上而下的偏向竞争和自上而下的偏向激活。情感和情绪状态反过来也可以通过反向投射的偏向影响来影响记忆和感知。与基因指定的奖励(如味觉、触觉和美感)相关的决策系统可以选择进行操作。具有多个步骤的前瞻性规划能力的推理过程可以使基因指定的奖励不被选择,或者被推迟。大脑中决策系统的随机、嘈杂的动力学可能会影响决策是由自私的基因指定的奖励情绪系统做出,还是由明确计算符合个体利益(表型)的奖励价值的认知推理系统做出。