Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Clin Psychol Rev. 2013 Jun;33(4):539-60. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2013.02.003. Epub 2013 Mar 1.
Many children with ADHD remain symptomatic in (young) adulthood. It is important to understand what characterizes this persistent ADHD group. Since ADHD has been associated with neurocognitive dysfunctioning on a variety of neurocognitive domains, and many of these domains are influenced by the same risk genes that influence ADHD, neurocognitive functions are a potential predictor for ADHD persistence. We carried out a systematic literature review on the predictive value of neurocognitive functioning for future ADHD. Based on eighteen studies there was no evidence that either automatically controlled (requiring little mental effort; lower level), or more consciously controlled (requiring high levels of mental effort; higher level) neurocognitive functions differentiated ADHD persistence from remittance. In general, both persisters and remitters showed weaker performance than typically developing controls, although the effect was smaller for remitters. Neurocognitive functions measured in childhood predicted ADHD a few years later, regardless of the type of neurocognitive function. Our findings do not support the model of Halperin and Schulz (2006), which suggests a maturation of more consciously controlled neurocognitive functions in ADHD remitters.
许多患有 ADHD 的儿童在（年轻）成年后仍有症状。了解哪些特征是持续性 ADHD 组的关键。由于 ADHD 与多种神经认知领域的神经认知功能障碍有关，而这些领域中的许多领域都受到影响 ADHD 的相同风险基因的影响，因此神经认知功能是 ADHD 持续存在的潜在预测指标。我们对神经认知功能对未来 ADHD 的预测价值进行了系统的文献回顾。基于十八项研究，没有证据表明自动控制（需要较少的心理努力；较低水平）或更有意识地控制（需要高水平的心理努力；较高水平）的神经认知功能可以区分 ADHD 的持续存在和缓解。一般来说，无论是持续存在者还是缓解者，他们的表现都比正常发育的对照组差，尽管缓解者的效果较小。无论神经认知功能的类型如何，在儿童时期测量的神经认知功能都可以预测几年后出现 ADHD。我们的研究结果不支持 Halperin 和 Schulz（2006）的模型，该模型表明 ADHD 缓解者的更有意识地控制的神经认知功能会逐渐成熟。
