Endoscopic management of acute cholecystitis.

Acute cholecystitis is a commonly encountered medical emergency that is managed surgically with excellent results. Recent experiences with endoscopic cystic duct stent placement and cholecystectomy using the NOTES (Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery) approach have inspired endoscopists to identify other less invasive means for treating cholecystitis. The ability to access and drain obstructive bile ducts in real time using endoscopic ultrasound guidance has led to recent reports of successful gallbladder drainage using similar techniques. This article discusses the current state of the endoscopic management of acute and acalculous cholecystitis, and outlines a consensus approach to the management of these patients.