Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
Adv Parasitol. 2013;82:33-204. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-407706-5.00002-2.
Zoonotic parasites are important causes of endemic and emerging human disease in northern North America and Greenland (the North), where prevalence of some parasites is higher than in the general North American population. The North today is in transition, facing increased resource extraction, globalisation of trade and travel, and rapid and accelerating environmental change. This comprehensive review addresses the diversity, distribution, ecology, epidemiology, and significance of nine zoonotic parasites in animal and human populations in the North. Based on a qualitative risk assessment with criteria heavily weighted for human health, these zoonotic parasites are ranked, in the order of decreasing importance, as follows: Echinococcus multilocularis, Toxoplasma gondii, Trichinella and Giardia, Echinococcus granulosus/canadensis and Cryptosporidium, Toxocara, anisakid nematodes, and diphyllobothriid cestodes. Recent and future trends in the importance of these parasites for human health in the North are explored. For example, the incidence of human exposure to endemic helminth zoonoses (e.g. Diphyllobothrium, Trichinella, and Echinococcus) appears to be declining, while water-borne protozoans such as Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Toxoplasma may be emerging causes of human disease in a warming North. Parasites that undergo temperature-dependent development in the environment (such as Toxoplasma, ascarid and anisakid nematodes, and diphyllobothriid cestodes) will likely undergo accelerated development in endemic areas and temperate-adapted strains/species will move north, resulting in faunal shifts. Food-borne pathogens (e.g. Trichinella, Toxoplasma, anisakid nematodes, and diphyllobothriid cestodes) may be increasingly important as animal products are exported from the North and tourists, workers, and domestic animals enter the North. Finally, key needs are identified to better assess and mitigate risks associated with zoonotic parasites, including enhanced surveillance in animals and people, detection methods, and delivery and evaluation of veterinary and public health services.
人畜共患寄生虫是北美北部和格陵兰（北方）地方性和新出现的人类疾病的重要原因，在这些地区，一些寄生虫的流行率高于北美一般人群。如今，北方正在经历转型，面临着资源开采的增加、贸易和旅行的全球化以及快速和加速的环境变化。本综述全面介绍了北方动物和人类群体中九种人畜共患寄生虫的多样性、分布、生态学、流行病学和意义。根据一项定性风险评估，该评估严重偏向人类健康标准，这些人畜共患寄生虫的重要性按降序排列如下：多房棘球绦虫、刚地弓形虫、旋毛虫和贾第虫、细粒棘球绦虫/加拿大棘球绦虫和隐孢子虫、弓首蛔虫、异尖线虫和阔节裂头绦虫。探讨了这些寄生虫对北方人类健康重要性的近期和未来趋势。例如，人类接触地方性蠕虫人畜共患病（例如，阔节裂头绦虫、旋毛虫和细粒棘球绦虫）的发病率似乎正在下降，而在变暖的北方，水源性原生动物如贾第虫、隐孢子虫和刚地弓形虫可能成为人类疾病的新兴原因。在环境中依赖温度发育的寄生虫（如刚地弓形虫、蛔虫和异尖线虫以及阔节裂头绦虫）在地方性地区的发育速度可能会加快，温带适应株/种将向北移动，导致动物区系的变化。食源性病原体（如旋毛虫、刚地弓形虫、异尖线虫和阔节裂头绦虫）可能会变得越来越重要，因为北方的动物产品被出口，游客、工人和家畜进入北方。最后，确定了关键需求，以更好地评估和减轻人畜共患寄生虫的风险，包括加强对动物和人的监测、检测方法以及兽医和公共卫生服务的提供和评估。
