Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias - Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCV-UNLP), La Plata, B1900AVW, Argentina.
J Dairy Sci. 2013 Jun;96(6):3621-31. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5922. Epub 2013 Mar 30.
The objectives of this study were to assess the risk factors for metritis, its effects on milk yield and on reproductive performance, and the efficacy of ceftiofur therapy in Holstein dairy cows. Cows (n=303) from a commercial dairy herd in Argentina were studied. Cows were scored for body condition, and blood samples were collected on d -14, 7, 21, 31, 41, and 50 relative to parturition. Cows having a watery, purulent, or brown, and fetid vaginal discharge (VD) and rectal temperature ≤ 39.2°C were diagnosed as having clinical metritis, and those having a similar VD and rectal temperature >39.2°C were diagnosed as having puerperal metritis. Both clinical and puerperal metritis cows were randomly assigned to control (no treatment) or ceftiofur group (2.2mg/kg×3 consecutive days). Cure was declared if clear VD was observed at 21 d in milk (DIM). Blood samples were analyzed for nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, and blood urea nitrogen using commercial kits, and for insulin-like growth factor-1, insulin, and leptin by RIA. Data were analyzed with PROC MIXED, GENMOD, PHREG, and LIFETEST from SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). The risk for metritis increased with dystocia, retained fetal membranes, and dead calf [AOR (adjusted odds ratio)=2.58, 95% CI: 1.189-5.559], and as prepartum nonesterified fatty acids levels increased (AOR=1.001, 95% CI: 0.999-1.002). Conversely, risk decreased as prepartum insulin-like growth factor-1 increased (AOR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.349-1.219). Cows having either clinical or puerperal metritis produced less milk by 90 DIM than did healthy cows (2,236 ± 172 vs. 2,367 ± 77 vs. 2,647 ± 82 kg, respectively). Cows with puerperal metritis had lower risk for pregnancy by 100 DIM (AOR=0.189, 95% CI: 0.070-0.479) and a lower hazard rate for pregnancy by 150 DIM (hazard rate: 0.753, 95% CI: 0.621-0.911), and took longer to get pregnant (129 vs. 111 vs. 109 d, for puerperal metritis, clinical metritis, and healthy cows, respectively). Ceftiofur treatment was not associated with cure rate or milk yield but was related to increased risk for pregnancy at timed artificial insemination (AOR=2.688, 95% CI: 0.687-10.832), and for lower risk of reproductive cull (AOR=0.121, 95% CI: 0.014-1.066). In conclusion, abnormal calving and negative energy balance are associated with increased risk for metritis. Metritis, especially puerperal metritis, correlates with reduced milk production and poor reproductive performance. Finally, the likelihood for having a normal VD (indicative of cure) increased 2.6% for every day of increase in postpartum time and was 2 times higher for cows with clinical metritis than for those with puerperal metritis.
本研究的目的是评估奶牛子宫内膜炎的风险因素、对产奶量和繁殖性能的影响，以及头孢噻呋治疗荷斯坦奶牛子宫内膜炎的疗效。来自阿根廷一家商业奶牛场的 303 头奶牛被纳入本研究。对奶牛进行体况评分，并在分娩前 14、7、21、31、41 和 50 天采集血样。出现水样、脓性或褐色、恶臭阴道分泌物（VD）和直肠温度≤39.2°C 的奶牛被诊断为临床型子宫内膜炎，出现类似 VD 和直肠温度>39.2°C 的奶牛被诊断为产后子宫内膜炎。临床型和产后子宫内膜炎奶牛被随机分为对照组（不治疗）或头孢噻呋组（连续 3 天 2.2mg/kg）。如果在 21 天牛奶（DIM）时观察到清晰的 VD，则宣布治愈。使用商业试剂盒分析非酯化脂肪酸、β-羟丁酸和血尿素氮，使用 RIA 分析胰岛素样生长因子-1、胰岛素和瘦素。使用 SAS（SAS Institute Inc.， Cary，NC）中的 PROC MIXED、GENMOD、PHREG 和 LIFETEST 分析数据。子宫内膜炎的风险随着难产、胎衣滞留和死胎增加而增加（调整优势比（AOR）=2.58，95%可信区间：1.189-5.559），并且随着产前非酯化脂肪酸水平升高而增加（AOR=1.001，95%可信区间：0.999-1.002）。相反，随着产前胰岛素样生长因子-1增加，风险降低（AOR=0.65，95%可信区间：0.349-1.219）。患有临床型或产后子宫内膜炎的奶牛在 90 天产奶量比健康奶牛少（分别为 2236±172、2367±77 和 2647±82kg）。患有产后子宫内膜炎的奶牛在 100 天怀孕的风险较低（AOR=0.189，95%可信区间：0.070-0.479），在 150 天怀孕的风险率较低（风险率：0.753，95%可信区间：0.621-0.911），并且怀孕所需时间更长（产后子宫内膜炎、临床型子宫内膜炎和健康奶牛分别为 129、111 和 109 天）。头孢噻呋治疗与治愈率或产奶量无关，但与定时人工授精时怀孕的风险增加相关（AOR=2.688，95%可信区间：0.687-10.832），与生殖淘汰的风险降低相关（AOR=0.121，95%可信区间：0.014-1.066）。总之，异常分娩和负能量平衡与子宫内膜炎的风险增加有关。子宫内膜炎，特别是产后子宫内膜炎，与产奶量减少和繁殖性能下降有关。最后，产后时间每增加一天，正常 VD（表明治愈）的可能性增加 2.6%，且临床型子宫内膜炎奶牛的可能性比产后子宫内膜炎奶牛高 2 倍。
