University of California.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2013 Sep;39(5):1463-72. doi: 10.1037/a0032190. Epub 2013 Apr 8.
Literature on auditory distraction has generally focused on the effects of particular kinds of sounds on attention to target stimuli. In support of extensive previous findings that have demonstrated the special role of language as an auditory distractor, we found that a concurrent speech stream impaired recall of a short lecture, especially for verbatim language. But impaired recall effects were also found with a variety of nonlinguistic noises, suggesting that neither type of noise nor amplitude and duration of noise are adequate predictors of distraction. Rather, distraction occurred when it was difficult for a listener to process sounds and assemble coherent, differentiable streams of input, one task-salient and attended and the other task-irrelevant and inhibited. In 3 experiments, the effects of auditory distractors during a short spoken lecture were tested. Participants recalled details of the lecture and also reported their opinions of the sound quality. Our findings suggest that distractors that are difficult to designate as either task related or environment related (and therefore irrelevant) draw cognitive processing resources away from a target speech stream during a listening task, impairing recall.
关于听觉干扰的文献通常集中在特定类型的声音对目标刺激注意的影响上。支持先前广泛的研究结果，即语言作为听觉干扰物的特殊作用，我们发现，同时存在的语音流会干扰对简短演讲的回忆，特别是对逐字逐句的语言。但是，用各种非语言噪音也发现了回忆效果受损的情况，这表明噪音的类型、噪音的幅度和持续时间都不是干扰的充分预测指标。相反，当听众难以处理声音并将输入组合成连贯、可区分的流时，就会发生干扰，一个任务突出并被关注，另一个任务不相关并被抑制。在 3 项实验中，测试了在简短的口头演讲期间听觉干扰物的影响。参与者回忆了演讲的细节，并报告了他们对声音质量的看法。我们的研究结果表明，那些难以指定为与任务相关或与环境相关（因此不相关）的干扰物会在听力任务期间从目标语音流中抽取认知处理资源，从而干扰回忆。
