Fisher Simon P, Foster Russell G, Peirson Stuart N
Biosciences Division, SRI International, Centre for Neuroscience, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2013(217):157-83. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-25950-0_7.
The sleep/wake cycle is arguably the most familiar output of the circadian system, however, sleep is a complex biological process that arises from multiple brain regions and neurotransmitters, which is regulated by numerous physiological and environmental factors. These include a circadian drive for wakefulness as well as an increase in the requirement for sleep with prolonged waking (the sleep homeostat). In this chapter, we describe the regulation of sleep, with a particular emphasis on the contribution of the circadian system. Since their identification, the role of clock genes in the regulation of sleep has attracted considerable interest, and here, we provide an overview of the interplay between specific elements of the molecular clock with the sleep regulatory system. Finally, we summarise the role of the light environment, melatonin and social cues in the modulation of sleep, with a focus on the role of melanopsin ganglion cells.
睡眠/觉醒周期可以说是昼夜节律系统最为人熟知的输出，但睡眠是一个复杂的生物过程，它源自多个脑区和神经递质，受众多生理和环境因素调节。这些因素包括昼夜节律驱动的清醒状态，以及随着清醒时间延长而增加的睡眠需求（睡眠稳态）。在本章中，我们描述睡眠的调节，特别强调昼夜节律系统的作用。自时钟基因被发现以来，其在睡眠调节中的作用引起了相当大的关注，在此，我们概述分子时钟的特定元件与睡眠调节系统之间的相互作用。最后，我们总结光环境、褪黑素和社交线索在睡眠调节中的作用，重点关注黑视蛋白神经节细胞的作用。
