Brighton Henry, Gigerenzer Gerd
Center for Adaptive Behavior and Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
Malays J Med Sci. 2012 Oct;19(4):6-16.
Heuristics are efficient cognitive processes that ignore information. In contrast to the widely held view that less processing reduces accuracy, the study of heuristics shows that less information, computation, and time can in fact improve accuracy. We discuss some of the major progress made so far, focusing on the discovery of less-is-more effects and the study of the ecological rationality of heuristics which examines in which environments a given strategy succeeds or fails, and why. Homo heuristicus has a biased mind and ignores part of the available information, yet a biased mind can handle uncertainty more efficiently and robustly than an unbiased mind relying on more resource-intensive and general-purpose processing strategies.
启发法是忽略信息的高效认知过程。与普遍认为的较少处理会降低准确性的观点相反，对启发法的研究表明，较少的信息、计算和时间实际上可以提高准确性。我们讨论了迄今为止取得的一些主要进展，重点是少即是多效应的发现以及对启发法生态合理性的研究，该研究考察了给定策略在哪些环境中成功或失败以及原因。启发式人类有一个有偏差的数据，会忽略部分可用信息，但有偏差的数据比依赖更多资源密集型和通用处理策略的无偏差数据能更有效、更稳健地处理不确定性。
