Department of Psychology, Augsburg College, 2211 Riverside Avenue, Minneapolis, MN, CB 101, 55454, USA,
Behav Res Methods. 2014 Mar;46(1):229-39. doi: 10.3758/s13428-013-0338-x.
Planning, predicting, reasoning, and acting often depend crucially on the correct encoding and application of knowledge concerning the temporal and causal ordering of events. Yet no pictorial stimulus set is optimized for investigating the processing of temporal and causal order information. We introduce a novel stimulus set of 265 black-and-white line drawings depicting a diverse array of recognizable events. Most of the images in the stimulus set (N = 222) share a thematic or conceptual association with one other image in the set, and the stimuli were created and extensively normed such that the image pairs vary in the degrees to which they share a causal, ordered relation with one another. The stimuli were standardized in a series of normative tasks, including concept/noun/verb agreement, perceived frequency, visual similarity, and indexes of three features of causal associations between events (i.e., temporal proximity, exclusivity, and priority). Both younger adults (ages 18-30 years) and older adults (ages 60-80 years) contributed normative data, allowing for broad applications of the stimuli to the study of normal and age-related changes in the encoding, retention, and retrieval of information regarding temporal and causal order. Complete normative data sets are available in the online supplemental materials, and the full stimulus set is available by contacting the first author.
规划、预测、推理和行动通常取决于对事件时间和因果顺序的正确编码和应用知识。然而，没有任何图像刺激集是专门为研究时间和因果顺序信息的处理而优化的。我们引入了一个新的 265 张黑白线条画的刺激集，描绘了各种各样的可识别事件。刺激集中的大多数图像（N=222）与集合中的另一张图像具有主题或概念上的关联，并且这些刺激是通过创建和广泛的规范来创建的，使得图像对在它们彼此之间共享因果关系的程度上有所不同。这些刺激在一系列规范任务中进行了标准化，包括概念/名词/动词一致性、感知频率、视觉相似性以及事件之间因果关系的三个特征（即时间接近度、排他性和优先级）的指标。年轻成年人（18-30 岁）和老年人（60-80 岁）都提供了规范数据，这使得这些刺激可以广泛应用于研究时间和因果顺序信息的编码、保留和检索方面的正常和与年龄相关的变化。完整的规范数据集可在在线补充材料中获得，完整的刺激集可通过联系第一作者获得。
