Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013 Nov;37(9 Pt B):2243-57. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.04.005. Epub 2013 Apr 25.
The human brain adapts to changing demands by altering its functional and structural properties ("neuroplasticity") which results in learning and acquiring skills. Convergent evidence from both human and animal studies suggests that physical activity facilitates neuroplasticity of certain brain structures and as a result cognitive functions. Animal studies have identified an enhancement of neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, angiogenesis and the release of neurotrophins as neural mechanisms mediating beneficial cognitive effects of physical exercise. This review summarizes behavioral consequences and neural correlates at the system level following physical exercise interventions in humans of different ages. The results suggest that physical exercise may trigger processes facilitating neuroplasticity and, thereby, enhances an individual's capacity to respond to new demands with behavioral adaptations. Indeed, some recent studies have suggested that combining physical and cognitive training might result in a mutual enhancement of both interventions. Moreover, new data suggest that to maintain the neuro-cognitive benefits induced by physical exercise, an increase in the cardiovascular fitness level must be maintained.
人类大脑通过改变其功能和结构特性（“神经可塑性”）来适应不断变化的需求，从而实现学习和掌握技能。来自人类和动物研究的趋同证据表明，体育活动促进了某些大脑结构的神经可塑性，从而促进了认知功能。动物研究已经确定了神经发生、突触形成、血管生成和神经营养因子的释放作为介导体育锻炼对认知有益影响的神经机制。本综述总结了不同年龄段人群进行体育锻炼干预后在系统水平上的行为后果和神经相关性。结果表明，体育锻炼可能会引发促进神经可塑性的过程，从而增强个体适应新需求的行为适应能力。事实上，一些最近的研究表明，将体育锻炼和认知训练相结合可能会相互增强这两种干预措施的效果。此外，新的数据表明，为了保持体育锻炼所引起的神经认知益处，必须保持心血管健康水平的提高。
