Räber B, Kaufmann T, Regula G, von Rotz A, Stoffel H M, Posthaus H, Rérat M, Kirchhofer M, Steiner A, Bähler C
Clinic for Ruminants, University of Bern, Switzerland.
Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 2013 May;155(5):269-81. doi: 10.1024/0036-7281/a000458.
The objective of this study was to identify a suitable alternative to the current practice of complementing the feeding of milk by-products with straw. The influence of 5 different types of solid feeds on health and performance of Swiss veal calves was investigated in 2 production cycles of 200 veal calves each with a mean initial age of 40 days (d). The calves were housed in groups of 40 in stalls with outside pen. Liquid feeding consisted of a milk by-product combined with an additional skim milk powder ad libitum. Groups were assigned to 1 of the 5 following experimental solid feeds provided ad libitum: mix (composition: soy flakes, corn, barley, wheat, oat, barley middling, plant oil, molasses), whole plant corn pellets, corn silage, hay, and wheat straw as control. Daily dry matter intake per calf averaged 2.25 kg of the liquid food, 0.16 kg of straw, 0.33 kg of mix, 0.47 kg of corn silage, 0.38 kg of corn pellets, and 0.39 kg of hay. No significant differences (P > 0.05) among groups were found in calf losses that amounted to 4.8 % (68 % because of gastrointestinal disorders). Four percent of the calves were slaughtered prematurely. Daily doses of antibiotics were higher in the mix (36.9 d, P < 0.01) and in the corn silage groups (35 d, P < 0.01) compared to control. Compared to the 4 other groups, calves of the straw group showed the highest prevalence of abnormal ruminal content (73 %, P < 0.05), of abnormal ruminal papillae (42 %, P < 0.05), of abomasal fundic lesions (13.5 %, P < 0.1), and the lowest number of chewing movements per bolus (45, P < 0.05). The hemoglobin concentration averaged 85 g/l at the beginning and 99 g/l at the end of the fattening period with no significant differences among groups (P > 0.1). The duration of the fattening period averaged 114 d, slaughter age 157 d, and carcass weight 122 kg. The average daily weight gain (ADG) was highest in the control group straw (1.35 kg), and lowest in the hay group (1.22 kg, P < 0.01). The number of carcasses classified as C, H, and T (very high to medium quality) was lower in the hay group compared to straw (P < 0.01). No significant differences between groups were found in meat color (P > 0.1): 73 % of the carcasses were assessed as pale (267/364), 18 % as pink (66/364), and 9 % (31/364) as red. The results reveal that whole-plant corn pellets are most consistent with an optimal result combining the calves' health and fattening performance. Therefore, it can be recommended as an additional solid feed for veal calves under Swiss conditions.
本研究的目的是确定一种合适的方法，以替代当前用稻草补充乳副产品喂养的做法。在两个生产周期中，对200头平均初始年龄为40天的瑞士小牛肉牛犊，研究了5种不同类型固体饲料对其健康和生长性能的影响。每个周期有200头牛犊，每40头一组，饲养在带有室外围栏的畜栏中。液体饲料由一种乳副产品和额外的脱脂奶粉组成，可随意采食。将这些组分配到以下5种实验固体饲料中的一种，可随意采食：混合料（成分：大豆片、玉米、大麦、小麦、燕麦、大麦麸、植物油、糖蜜）、全株玉米颗粒、玉米青贮料、干草，以及作为对照的小麦秸秆。每头小牛每天的干物质摄入量平均为：液体饲料2.25千克、稻草0.16千克、混合料0.33千克、玉米青贮料0.4�千克、玉米颗粒0.38千克、干草0.39千克。各实验组间小牛损失率无显著差异（P>0.05），损失率为4.8%（68%是由于胃肠道疾病）。4%的小牛被提前屠宰。与对照组相比，混合料组（36.9天，P<0.01）和玉米青贮料组（35天，P<0.01）的每日抗生素剂量更高。与其他4组相比，稻草组的小牛瘤胃内容物异常发生率最高（73%，P<0.05）、瘤胃乳头异常发生率最高（42%，P<0.05）、皱胃底部病变发生率最高（13.5%，P<0.1），且每团食物的咀嚼次数最少（45次，P<0.05）。育肥期开始时血红蛋白浓度平均为85克/升，结束时为99克/升，各实验组间无显著差异（P>0.1）。育肥期平均持续114天，屠宰年龄157天，胴体重122千克。对照组稻草组的平均日增重（ADG）最高（1.35千克），干草组最低（1.22千克，P<0.01）。与稻草组相比，干草组中分类为C、H和T（极高到中等质量）的胴体数量更少（P<0.01）。各实验组间肉色无显著差异（P>0.1）：73%的胴体被评定为浅色（267/364），18%为粉色（66/364），9%（31/364）为红色。结果表明，全株玉米颗粒最符合将小牛健康和育肥性能相结合的最佳结果。因此，在瑞士的条件下，可推荐将其作为小牛肉牛犊的额外固体饲料。
