Institute of Medical Psychology, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Bergheimer Str, 20 69115, Heidelberg, Germany.
Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2013 May 8;11:80. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-11-80.
The paper analyses how resilience factors and mental health problems interrelate in a 3-year-longitudinal study with 16-19 year olds.
Resilience was measured with a 13-item short version of the Life-Orientation-Scale by Antonovsky (sense-of-coherence, SOC) and a 10-item self-efficacy-scale (SWE) by Jerusalem and Schwarzer. Mental health problems were measured with Derogatis Symptom Check list (SCL-90-R). The data set included 155 participants and was analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) designed to examine mutual influence in longitudinal data with Mplus software.
The descriptive data analysis indicates (1) negative correlations between SOC and SCL-90-R at both age 16 and 19 in all subscales but somatization and likewise (2) between self-efficacy and SCL-90-R. (3) SOC correlates positively with SWE at age 16 and 19. Results of SEM analysis were based on the assumption of two latent variables at two points in time: resilience as measured with mean SOC and mean self-efficacy scores and health problems measured with sub scale scores of SCL-90-R - both at ages 16 and 19. The first SEM model included all possible paths between the two latent variables across time. We found (4) that resilience influences mental health problems cross-sectionally at age 16 and at age 19 but not across time. (5) Both resilience and mental health problems influenced their own development over time. A respecified SEM model included only significant paths. (6) Resilience at age 16 significantly influences health problems at age 16 as well as resilience at age 19. Health problems at age 16 influence those at age 19 and resilience at age 19 influences health problems at age 19.
(a) SOC and self-efficacy instruments measure similar phenomena. (b) Since an influence of resilience on mental health problems and vice versa over time could not be shown there must be additional factors important to development. (c) SOC and self-efficacy are both very stable at 16 and 19 years. This refutes Antonovsky's assumption that SOC achieves stability first around the age of 30. SOC and self-efficacy are protective factors but they seem to form in (early) childhood.
本文通过一项对 16-19 岁青少年进行的为期 3 年的纵向研究，分析了弹性因素和心理健康问题之间的相互关系。
采用 Antonovsky 的生活取向量表 13 项短式版（即心理一致感，SOC）和 Jerusalem 和 Schwarzer 的自我效能 10 项量表（SWE）来衡量弹性。采用 Derogatis 症状清单（SCL-90-R）衡量心理健康问题。数据集包括 155 名参与者，使用结构方程建模（SEM）进行分析，该模型旨在使用 Mplus 软件检查纵向数据中的相互影响。
描述性数据分析表明：（1）在所有分量表中，SOC 和 SCL-90-R 在 16 岁和 19 岁时均呈负相关，但躯体化除外；（2）自我效能与 SCL-90-R 呈负相关；（3）SOC 与 16 岁和 19 岁时的 SWE 呈正相关。SEM 分析的结果基于两个时间点两个潜在变量的假设：以 SOC 和自我效能的平均分数衡量的弹性，以及以 SCL-90-R 分量表分数衡量的健康问题-两者均在 16 岁和 19 岁时。第一个 SEM 模型包括了两个潜在变量之间所有可能的跨时间路径。我们发现：（4）弹性在 16 岁时对心理健康问题具有横向影响，在 19 岁时也具有横向影响，但没有跨时间影响；（5）弹性和心理健康问题都随时间影响其自身的发展；（6）16 岁时的弹性显著影响 16 岁时的健康问题以及 19 岁时的弹性，16 岁时的健康问题影响 19 岁时的健康问题，19 岁时的弹性影响 19 岁时的健康问题。
（a）SOC 和自我效能量表测量的是相似的现象；（b）由于无法证明弹性对心理健康问题的影响以及反之亦然，因此一定存在对发展很重要的其他因素；（c）SOC 和自我效能在 16 岁和 19 岁时都非常稳定，这反驳了 Antonovsky 的假设，即 SOC 首先在 30 岁左右达到稳定。SOC 和自我效能是保护因素，但它们似乎在（早期）儿童时期形成。
