Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular .
J Immunotoxicol. 2014 Jan-Mar;11(1):13-8. doi: 10.3109/1547691X.2013.789940. Epub 2013 May 9.
Vanadium (V) has a variety of applications that make it suitable for use in ceramic production and decoration, production of pigments for a variety of products, an accelerator for drying paint, production of aniline black dye, and as a mordant in coloring textiles. Taking advantage of its hardness, resilience, ability to form alloys, and its resistance to corrosion, V is also used in the production of tools, steel, machinery, and surgical implants. V is employed in producing photographic developers, batteries, and semi-conductors, and in catalyst-based recycling processes. As technologies have evolved, the use of V has increased in jet aircraft and space technology, as well as in manufacture of ultraviolet filter glass to prevent radiation injury. Due to these myriad uses, the potential for occupational exposure to V is ever-evident. Similarly, there is an increased risk for environmental contamination by V agents themselves or as components of by-products released into the environment. For example, the use of V in sulfuric acid production results in the release of soot and/or fly ash rich in vanadium pentoxide. Petroleum refinery, smelting, welding, and cutting of V-rich steel alloy, the cleaning and repair of oil-fired boilers, and catalysis of chemical productions are other sources of increased airborne V-bearing particles in local/distant environments. Exposure of non-workers to V is an increasing health concern. Studies have demonstrated associations between exposure to airborne V-bearing particles (as part of air pollution) and increased risks of a variety of pathologies like hypertension, dysrhythmia, systemic inflammation, hyper-coagulation, cancers, and bronchial hyper-reactivity. This paper will provide a review of the history of V usage in occupational settings, documented exposure levels, environmental levels of V associated with pollution, epidemiologic data relating V exposure(s) to adverse health outcomes, and governmental responses to protect both workers and non-workers from exposure to this metal.
钒 (V) 具有多种应用，使其适合用于陶瓷生产和装饰、生产各种产品的颜料、油漆干燥的促进剂、苯胺黑染料的生产以及纺织品染色的媒染剂。利用其硬度、弹性、形成合金的能力以及耐腐蚀性，V 还用于生产工具、钢、机械和外科植入物。V 用于生产照相显影剂、电池和半导体，以及基于催化剂的回收工艺。随着技术的发展，V 在喷气式飞机和太空技术中的使用增加，以及制造用于防止辐射伤害的紫外线过滤玻璃中也有使用。由于这些广泛的用途，职业接触 V 的可能性是显而易见的。同样，由于 V 剂本身或作为释放到环境中的副产品的成分，环境受到污染的风险也增加了。例如，V 在硫酸生产中的使用会导致富含五氧化二钒的烟尘和/或飞灰的释放。石油炼制、冶炼、焊接和切割富含 V 的合金钢、清洁和修复燃油锅炉以及化学制品的催化都是局部/远距离环境中含 V 空气传播颗粒增加的其他来源。非工人接触 V 是一个日益严重的健康问题。研究表明，暴露于含 V 空气传播颗粒（作为空气污染的一部分）与多种病理学（如高血压、心律失常、全身炎症、高凝、癌症和支气管高反应性）的风险增加之间存在关联。本文将回顾 V 在职业环境中的使用历史、记录的暴露水平、与污染相关的 V 环境水平、将 V 暴露与不良健康结果相关联的流行病学数据以及保护工人和非工人免受这种金属暴露的政府反应。
