Physiotherapy Department, Technological Educational Institution of Athens, Greece.
Hellenic J Cardiol. 2013 May-Jun;54(3):168-77.
There is an established link between smoking, abnormal heart rate (HR) values, and impaired cardiovascular health in middle-aged or older populations. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of smoking on resting HR and on HR responses during and after exercise in young adults.
A sample of 298 young adults (159 men), aged 20-29 years old, were selected from a large population of health-science students based on health status, body mass index, physical activity, and smoking habit. All subjects underwent a maximal Bruce treadmill test and their HR was recorded during, at peak, and after termination of exercise.
Smokers had significantly higher resting HR values than non-smokers. Both female and male smokers showed a significantly slower HR increase during exercise. Female smokers failed to reach their age-predicted maximum HR by 6.0 bpm and males by 3.6 bpm. The actual maximum HR achieved (HRmax) was significantly lower for both female smokers (191.0 bpm vs.198.0 bpm) and male smokers (193.2 bpm vs.199.3 bpm), compared to non-smokers. Heart rate reserve was also significantly lower in female (114.6 bpm vs. 128.1 bpm) and male smokers (120.4 bpm vs. 133.0 bpm). During recovery, the HR decline was significantly attenuated, but only in female smokers. Females had a higher resting HR and showed a higher HR response during sub-maximal exercise compared to males.
Smoking was found to affect young smokers' HR, increasing HR at rest, slowing HR increase during exercise and impairing their ability to reach the age-predicted HRmax. In addition, smoking was associated with an attenuated HR decline during recovery, but only in females.
吸烟、异常心率（HR）值和中年或老年人心血管健康受损之间存在既定联系。本研究的目的是研究吸烟对年轻成年人静息心率以及运动期间和运动后 HR 反应的影响。
根据健康状况、体重指数、身体活动和吸烟习惯，从大量健康科学学生人群中选择了 298 名年龄在 20-29 岁的年轻成年人（159 名男性）作为样本。所有受试者均进行了最大 Bruce 跑步机测试，并在运动期间、峰值时和运动结束时记录 HR。
吸烟者的静息心率值明显高于不吸烟者。女性和男性吸烟者在运动期间的 HR 增加明显较慢。女性吸烟者的实际最大 HR 比非吸烟者低 6.0 bpm，男性吸烟者低 3.6 bpm。女性吸烟者的实际最大 HR（HRmax）为 191.0 bpm（vs.198.0 bpm），男性吸烟者的 HRmax 为 193.2 bpm（vs.199.3 bpm），均明显低于非吸烟者。女性吸烟者的心率储备（HR 储备）也明显较低（114.6 bpm vs. 128.1 bpm），男性吸烟者的 HR 储备也明显较低（120.4 bpm vs. 133.0 bpm）。在恢复期间，HR 下降明显减弱，但仅在女性吸烟者中。女性的静息 HR 较高，在亚最大运动期间的 HR 反应也较高。
吸烟被发现会影响年轻吸烟者的 HR，使静息时的 HR 升高，使运动期间的 HR 增加减慢，并损害他们达到年龄预测的 HRmax 的能力。此外，吸烟与恢复期间 HR 下降减弱有关，但仅在女性中。
