Pereira Ana Fátima, Silva António José, Matos Costa Aldo, Monteiro António Miguel, Bastos Estela Maria, Cardoso Marques Mário
Departamento de Ciências do Desporto, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.
Acta Med Port. 2013 Jan-Feb;26(1):51-5. Epub 2013 Apr 24.
Sarcopenia is characterized by a progressive generalized decrease of skeletal muscle mass, strength and function with aging. Recently, the genetic determination has been associated with muscle mass and muscle strength in elderly. These two phenotypes of risk are the most commonly recognized and studied for sarcopenia, with heritability ranging from 30 to 85% for muscle strength and 45-90% for muscle mass. It is well known that the development and maintenance of muscle mass in early adulthood reduces the risk of developing sarcopenia and leads to a healthy aging. For that reason it seems important to identify which genetic factors interact with aging and in particular with the musculoskeletal response to exercise in such individuals. This review is designed to summarize the most important and representative studies about the possible association between certain genetic polymorphisms and muscle phenotypes in older populations. Also we will focuses on nutrition and some concerns associated with aging, including the role that exercise can have on reducing the negative effects of this phenomenon. Some results are inconsistent between studies and more replication studies underlying sarcopenia are needed, with larger samples and with different life cycles, particularly in the type and level of physical activity throughout life. In future we believe that further progress in understanding the genetic etiology and the metabolic pathways will provide valuable information on important biological mechanisms underlying the muscle physiology. This will enable better recognition of individuals at higher risk and the ability to more adequately address this debilitating condition.
肌肉减少症的特征是随着年龄增长，骨骼肌质量、力量和功能逐渐普遍下降。最近，基因决定因素已被认为与老年人的肌肉质量和肌肉力量有关。这两种风险表型是肌肉减少症最常被认可和研究的，肌肉力量的遗传率在30%至85%之间，肌肉质量的遗传率在45%至90%之间。众所周知，成年早期肌肉质量的发展和维持可降低患肌肉减少症的风险，并有助于健康老龄化。因此，确定哪些基因因素与衰老相互作用，特别是与这类个体对运动的肌肉骨骼反应相互作用，似乎很重要。这篇综述旨在总结关于老年人群中某些基因多态性与肌肉表型之间可能关联的最重要和最具代表性的研究。我们还将关注营养以及与衰老相关的一些问题，包括运动在减轻这一现象负面影响方面的作用。不同研究之间的一些结果并不一致，需要更多关于肌肉减少症的重复研究，样本量要更大，且涵盖不同生命周期，特别是一生的身体活动类型和水平。我们相信，未来在理解基因病因和代谢途径方面取得的进一步进展将为肌肉生理学的重要生物学机制提供有价值的信息。这将有助于更好地识别高危个体，并更充分地应对这种使人衰弱的状况。
