Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
Traffic Inj Prev. 2013;14(5):532-43. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2012.725878.
Powered 2-wheelers (PTWs) are becoming increasingly popular in Europe. They have the ability to get around traffic queues, thus lowering fuel consumption and increasing mobility. The risk of rider injury in a traffic crash is however much higher than that associated with car users. The European project, Powered Two Wheeler Integrated Safety (PISa), identified an autonomous braking system (AB) as a priority to reduce the injury consequences of a PTW crash. The aim of this study was to assess the potential effectiveness of the AB system developed in PISa, taking into account the specific system characteristics that emerged during the design, development and testing phases.
Fifty-eight PTW cases representing European crash configurations were examined, in which 43 percent of riders sustained a Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (MAIS) 2+ injury. Two of the most common crash types were a PTW impacting a stationary object (car following scenario) 16% and an object pulling across the PTW path (crossing scenario) 54%. An expert team analysed the in-depth material of the sample crashes and determined a posteriori to what extent the AB would have affected the crash. For those cases where the AB was evaluated as applicable, a further quantitative evaluation of the benefits was conducted by considering a set of different possible rider reactions in addition to that exhibited in the actual crash.
In 67 percent of cases, the application of AB could have mitigated the crash outcome. Analysis of those real crash cases showed the potential for an expert rider to avoid the collision. An early reaction of the rider, associated with a correct application of the brakes would have avoided 18 of the 37 car following/crossing scenarios. Conversely, according to the analysis, an expert rider would not have been able to avoid 19 of the 37 cases. In 14 of those 19 cases, the AB would have contributed to mitigating the crash outcome.
This study demonstrated significant potential for application of the autonomous braking system in car following and crossing scenarios. In addition, the theoretical benefit curves for the AB globally, were able to provide good quantitative indications of its benefits in real cases where the AB was considered applicable. Further analysis with larger databases is suggested in order to confirm the magnitude of benefits in the PTW crash population.
电动两轮车（PTW）在欧洲越来越受欢迎。它们能够绕过交通拥堵，从而降低油耗并提高机动性。然而，骑手在交通事故中的受伤风险远高于汽车使用者。欧洲项目“动力两轮车综合安全”（PISa）将自主制动系统（AB）确定为降低 PTW 事故伤害后果的优先事项。本研究的目的是评估 PISa 开发的 AB 系统的潜在有效性，同时考虑到设计、开发和测试阶段出现的特定系统特征。
检查了代表欧洲碰撞配置的 58 个 PTW 案例，其中 43%的骑手受伤程度为最大简略损伤分级（MAIS）2+。最常见的两种碰撞类型是 PTW 撞击静止物体（追尾场景）16%和物体横穿 PTW 路径（交叉场景）54%。一个专家小组分析了样本碰撞的深入材料，并根据 AB 会在多大程度上影响碰撞的情况进行了事后评估。对于那些评估适用 AB 的案例，通过考虑除实际碰撞中表现出的反应之外的一组不同的可能骑手反应，对收益进行了进一步的定量评估。
在 67%的案例中，应用 AB 可以减轻碰撞后果。对实际碰撞案例的分析表明，经验丰富的骑手有避免碰撞的潜力。骑手的早期反应，加上正确使用刹车，将避免 37 个追尾/交叉场景中的 18 个。相反，根据分析，经验丰富的骑手将无法避免 37 个案例中的 19 个。在这 19 个案例中的 14 个中，AB 将有助于减轻碰撞后果。
本研究表明，自主制动系统在追尾和交叉场景中有很大的应用潜力。此外，AB 的全局理论效益曲线能够为 AB 在实际适用案例中提供良好的定量效益指示。建议使用更大的数据库进行进一步分析，以确认 AB 在 PTW 碰撞人群中的效益幅度。
