Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
JAMA Intern Med. 2013 Jul 22;173(14):1292-9. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.6163.
National recommendations for the prevention and treatment of obesity emphasize reducing energy intake through self-monitoring food consumption. However, little information is available on the energy content of foods offered by nonchain restaurants, which account for approximately 50% of restaurant locations in the United States.
To measure the energy content of foods from independent and small-chain restaurants that do not provide stated information on energy content.
We used bomb calorimetry to determine the dietary energy content of the 42 most frequently purchased meals from the 9 most common restaurant categories. Independent and small-chain restaurants were randomly selected, and 157 individual meals were analyzed.
Area within 15 miles of downtown Boston.
A random sample of independent and small-chain restaurants.
Dietary energy.
All meal categories provided excessive dietary energy. The mean energy content of individual meals was 1327 (95% CI, 1248-1406) kcal, equivalent to 66% of typical daily energy requirements. We found a significant effect of food category on meal energy (P ≤ .05), and 7.6% of meals provided more than 100% of typical daily energy requirements. Within-meal variability was large (average SD, 271 kcal), and we found no significant effect of restaurant establishment or size. In addition, meal energy content averaged 49% greater than those of popular meals from the largest national chain restaurants (P < .001) and in subset analyses contained 19% more energy than national food database information for directly equivalent items (P < .001).
National chain restaurants have been criticized for offering meals with excess dietary energy. This study finds that independent and small-chain restaurants, which provide no nutrition information, also provide excessive dietary energy in amounts apparently greater than popular meals from chain restaurants or information in national food databases. A national requirement for accurate calorie labeling in all restaurants may discourage menus offering unhealthy portions and would allow consumers to make informed choices about ordering meals that promote weight gain and obesity.
国家有关肥胖预防和治疗的建议强调通过自我监测食物摄入量来减少能量摄入。然而，关于美国约 50%的餐馆提供的非连锁餐厅提供的食物的能量含量信息却很少。
测量独立小连锁餐厅提供的食品的能量含量，这些餐厅不提供能量含量的声明信息。
我们使用弹式热量计来确定 9 种最常见的餐厅类别中最常购买的 42 种餐的膳食能量含量。随机选择独立和小连锁餐厅，并分析了 157 种个体餐。
波士顿市中心 15 英里范围内。
随机抽取的独立小连锁餐厅。
膳食能量。
所有餐类都提供了过多的膳食能量。单个餐的平均能量含量为 1327（95%置信区间，1248-1406）千卡，相当于典型日能量需求的 66%。我们发现食物类别对餐能量有显著影响（P≤.05），并且 7.6%的餐提供了超过典型日能量需求的 100%。餐内变异性较大（平均标准差为 271 千卡），我们没有发现餐厅规模的显著影响。此外，餐的能量含量平均比最大的全国连锁餐厅的热门餐高出 49%（P<.001），并且在子分析中，与直接等效项目的国家食品数据库信息相比，能量含量高 19%（P<.001）。
全国连锁餐厅因提供过量膳食能量的餐而受到批评。本研究发现，提供营养信息的独立和小连锁餐厅也提供了过量的膳食能量，其数量显然比连锁餐厅或国家食品数据库中的热门餐或信息更大。在所有餐厅中准确标注卡路里的国家要求可能会阻止提供不健康份量的菜单，并允许消费者做出明智的选择，订购促进体重增加和肥胖的餐。
