Department of Psychological Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
Department of Psychological Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
BMJ Open. 2019 Oct 7;9(10):e029679. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029679.
Our objective was to examine the kilocalorie (kcal) content of starters, sides and desserts served in major UK restaurant chains, comparing the kcal content of these dishes in fast-food and full-service restaurants.
Observational study.
Menu and nutritional information provided online by major UK restaurant chains.
During October to November 2018, we accessed websites of restaurant chains with 50 or more outlets in the UK. Menu items that constituted starters, sides or desserts were identified and their kcal content was extracted. Accompanying beverages were not included. We used multilevel modelling to examine whether mean kcal content of dishes differed in fast-food versus full-service restaurants.
The mean kcal content of dishes and the proportion of dishes exceeding public health recommendations for energy content in a main meal (>600 kcal).
A total of 1009 dishes (212 starters, 318 sides and 479 desserts) from 27 restaurant chains (21 full-service, 6 fast-food) were included. The mean kcal content of eligible dishes was 488.0 (SE=15.6) for starters, 397.5 (SE=14.9) for sides and 430.6 (SE=11.5) for desserts. The percentage of dishes exceeding 600 kcal was 26.4% for starters, 21.7% for sides and 20.5% for desserts. Compared with fast-food chains, desserts offered at full-service restaurants were on average more calorific and were significantly more likely to exceed 600 kcal.
The average energy content of sides, starters and desserts sold in major UK restaurants is high. One in four starters and one in five sides and desserts in UK chain restaurants exceed the recommended energy intake for an entire meal.
本研究旨在检测英国各大连锁餐厅供应的开胃菜、配菜和甜点的卡路里（kcal）含量，并比较快餐和全方位服务餐厅中这些菜品的卡路里含量。
观察性研究。
通过英国各大连锁餐厅的在线菜单和营养信息收集数据。
在 2018 年 10 月至 11 月期间，我们访问了在英国拥有 50 家或以上门店的连锁餐厅网站。确定了构成开胃菜、配菜或甜点的菜品，并提取了它们的卡路里含量。未包括伴随的饮料。我们使用多层模型来检查快餐和全方位服务餐厅的菜品卡路里平均值是否存在差异。
菜品的平均卡路里含量以及超过公共卫生部门推荐的主餐能量含量（>600kcal）的菜品比例。
共纳入 27 家连锁餐厅（21 家全方位服务餐厅，6 家快餐餐厅）的 1009 道菜（212 道开胃菜、318 道配菜和 479 道甜点）。合格菜品的平均卡路里含量分别为开胃菜 488.0（SE=15.6），配菜 397.5（SE=14.9），甜点 430.6（SE=11.5）。超过 600kcal 的菜品比例分别为开胃菜 26.4%，配菜 21.7%，甜点 20.5%。与快餐连锁餐厅相比，全方位服务餐厅供应的甜点平均热量更高，且明显更有可能超过 600kcal。
英国各大餐厅销售的配菜、开胃菜和甜点的平均能量含量较高。英国连锁餐厅中，四分之一的开胃菜、五分之一的配菜和甜点的能量摄入超过了一顿正餐的推荐摄入量。
