Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China.
Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2013 Sep 1;190:112-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.05.006. Epub 2013 May 21.
Energy homeostasis (balance) depends on the relationship between the amount of consumed feed energy and energy expenditure. Coordination of energy expenditure and feed intake (appetite) is necessary for the regulation of body composition. The hypothalamus integrates peripheral and central signals to generate satiety or hunger. Birds and mammals utilize common signaling molecules but some molecules possess different/opposite functions. If relevant, particular differences with the mammalian regulatory system are highlighted in this review. For example, obestatin had no significant effect on feed intake of chicks, but it was claimed to decrease food intake in mammalian species. Ghrelin displayed appetite-stimulating effects in mammals but appetite-decreasing effects in birds. Recently, the function of the hypothalamic AMPK signaling pathway on feed intake regulation has received considerable attention in poultry. Alpha-lipoic acid might exert its appetite-decreasing effect by the AMPK signaling pathway. This review discusses the central regulation of energy homeostasis, role of (an)orexigenic peptides, effect of feed deprivation on hypothalamic neuropeptide gene expression and provides a model for involvement of AMPK in the regulation of avian energy balance.
能量平衡取决于消耗的饲料能量和能量支出之间的关系。能量支出和饲料摄入（食欲）的协调对于调节身体成分是必要的。下丘脑整合外周和中枢信号以产生饱腹感或饥饿感。鸟类和哺乳动物利用共同的信号分子，但有些分子具有不同/相反的功能。如果相关，本综述将突出哺乳动物调节系统的特定差异。例如，obestatin 对小鸡的采食量没有显著影响，但据称它会减少哺乳动物的食物摄入量。Ghrelin 在哺乳动物中表现出食欲刺激作用，但在鸟类中表现出食欲抑制作用。最近，下丘脑 AMPK 信号通路对禽类采食量调节的功能受到了相当多的关注。α-硫辛酸可能通过 AMPK 信号通路发挥其食欲抑制作用。本文讨论了能量平衡的中枢调节、食欲肽的作用、饲料剥夺对下丘脑神经肽基因表达的影响，并提出了 AMPK 参与鸟类能量平衡调节的模型。
