IEEE Rev Biomed Eng. 2014;7:126-42. doi: 10.1109/RBME.2013.2264282. Epub 2013 May 20.
Systems with reduced numbers of leads that can synthesize the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) with an insignificant or a small loss of diagnostic information have been proposed. The advantage over standard 12-lead ECG systems is the smaller number of measurement sites (i.e., electrodes) and, consequently, fewer wires. In this paper, we review all the important systems with reduced numbers of leads together with the methodology for synthesizing the leads. The fundamental theoretical background necessary to understand the most important concepts related to the synthesis is included. The presented theoretical and experimental justifications for the synthesis show that it is not necessary to measure a large number of leads directly, because the standard 12-lead ECG and arbitrary additional leads can be synthesized. Various approaches to evaluating the synthesized 12-lead ECG are defined and explained, and a number of systems that synthesize 12-lead ECG are presented as they were introduced in the literature. We cover the developments and improvements from the 1940s to the present day. The systems are classified on the basis of the synthesis method used, the approach to the evaluation of the synthesized ECG (depending on the measurement sites used), and on the number and types of leads employed. Based on a detailed assessment of state-of-the-art systems, open problems and challenges are highlighted, while further developments of electrocardiographic systems are envisaged.
已经提出了一些导联数量较少的系统，这些系统可以用少量或少量诊断信息合成 12 导联心电图（ECG）。与标准 12 导联 ECG 系统相比，这些系统的优势在于测量部位（即电极）数量较少，因此导线数量也较少。本文综述了所有具有较少导联数量的重要系统以及导联合成的方法。包括理解与合成相关的最重要概念所需的基本理论背景。所提出的合成的理论和实验依据表明，没有必要直接测量大量导联，因为可以合成标准的 12 导联 ECG 和任意附加导联。定义并解释了评估合成的 12 导联 ECG 的各种方法，并介绍了一些在文献中介绍的合成 12 导联 ECG 的系统。我们涵盖了从 20 世纪 40 年代至今的发展和改进。这些系统是根据使用的合成方法、对合成 ECG 的评估方法（取决于使用的测量部位）以及使用的导联数量和类型进行分类的。基于对最先进系统的详细评估，突出了存在的问题和挑战，并设想了心电图系统的进一步发展。
