Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, and Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
Compr Physiol. 2013 Jan;3(1):165-200. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c120008.
Historically, tools to assess renal function have been developed to investigate the physiology of the kidney in an experimental setting, and certain of these techniques have utility in evaluating renal function in the clinical setting. The following work will survey a spectrum of these tools, their applications and limitations in four general sections. The first is clearance, including evaluation of exogenous and endogenous markers for determining glomerular filtration rate, the adaptation of estimated glomerular filtration rate in the clinical arena, and additional clearance techniques to assess various other parameters of renal function. The second section deals with in vivo and in vitro approaches to the study of the renal microvasculature. This section surveys a number of experimental techniques including corticotomy, the hydronephrotic kidney, vascular casting, intravital charge coupled device videomicroscopy, multiphoton fluorescent microscopy, synchrotron-based angiography, laser speckle contrast imaging, isolated renal microvessels, and the perfused juxtamedullary nephron microvasculature. The third section addresses in vivo and in vitro approaches to the study of renal blood flow. These include ultrasonic flowmetry, laser-Doppler flowmetry, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), phase contrast MRI, cine phase contrast MRI, dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, blood oxygen level dependent MRI, arterial spin labeling MRI, x-ray computed tomography, and positron emission tomography. The final section addresses the methodologies of metabolic balance studies. These are described for humans, large experimental animals as well as for rodents. Overall, the various in vitro and in vivo topics and applications to evaluate renal function should provide a guide for the investigator or physician to understand and to implement the techniques in the laboratory or clinic setting.
从历史上看，评估肾功能的工具是为了在实验环境中研究肾脏的生理学而开发的，其中某些技术在临床环境中评估肾功能时具有一定的实用性。以下工作将在四个一般部分中调查这些工具的范围、它们的应用和局限性。第一部分是清除率，包括评估外源性和内源性标志物以确定肾小球滤过率，估计肾小球滤过率在临床中的应用，以及评估其他各种肾功能参数的其他清除技术。第二部分涉及肾脏微血管的体内和体外研究方法。这一部分调查了许多实验技术，包括皮质切开术、肾盂积水肾、血管铸型、活体电荷耦合器件视频显微镜、多光子荧光显微镜、基于同步加速器的血管造影术、激光散斑对比成像术、分离的肾脏微血管，以及灌注的肾髓质近曲小管微血管。第三部分介绍了研究肾血流量的体内和体外方法。这些方法包括超声流量测量、激光多普勒流量测量、磁共振成像 (MRI)、相位对比 MRI、电影相位对比 MRI、动态对比增强 MRI、血氧水平依赖 MRI、动脉自旋标记 MRI、X 射线计算机断层扫描和正电子发射断层扫描。第四部分介绍代谢平衡研究的方法学。这些方法学分别针对人类、大型实验动物和啮齿动物进行了描述。总体而言，各种体内和体外的主题和应用评估肾功能应该为研究人员或医生提供一个指南，以了解和在实验室或临床环境中实施这些技术。
