Moravec Frantisek, de Buron Isaure
Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ceské Budĕjovice, Czech Republic.
Folia Parasitol (Praha). 2013 May;60(2):81-101. doi: 10.14411/fp.2013.010.
Members of the Philometridae represent the most important group of dracunculoid nematodes parasitizing fishes. In his monograph treating the Dracunculoidea, Moravec (2006) reported a total of 11 genera and 105 species of philometrids parasitizing freshwater, brackish-water and marine fishes. However, during the last six years (2007-2012), an additional 42 new species of Philometridae have been described, representing a 40% increase of the number of nominal species. Most of these species (30) belong to Philometra Costa, 1845, mainly represented by parasites of marine fishes, a few others (8) to Philometroides Yamaguti, 1935, and a single one to each of the following genera: Caranginema Moravec, Montoya-Mendoza et Salgado-Maldonado, 2008, Dentiphilometra Moravec et Wang, 2002, Dentirumai Quiazon et Moravec, 2013* and Spirophilometra Parukhin, 1971. Moreover, three new genera, Afrophilometra Moravec, Charo-Karisa et Jirků, 2009, Caranginema and Dentirumai, were erected. Representatives of seven genera, Afrophilometra, Buckleyella Rasheed, 1963, Caranginema, Dentiphilometra, Dentirumai, Paraphilometroides Moravec et Shaharom-Harrison, 1989 and Rumai Travassos, 1960, were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the first time. Thirteen known but poorly described philometrid species were redescribed and, in some species of Caranginema and Philometra, previously unknown conspecific males were discovered and described. The male surface ultrastructure studied by SEM provided new taxonomically important features for species distinction. Gene sequencing was used in several recent studies and advanced our understanding of phylogenetic interrelationships among representatives of seven genera (Afrophilometra, Alinema Rasheed, 1963, Caranginema, Nilonema Khalil, 1960, Philometra, Philometroides and Rumai) and of the extent of the biodiversity of philometrids. New data were obtained on the biology and pathogenicity of several species of Nilonema, Philometra, Philometroides and Rumai. The need to carry out surveys in order to find males and to use SEM and gene sequencing to identify philometrids is emphasized. Appropriate quantitative methods to determine the impact of philometrids in ovarian tissue on host fecundity are recommended. Further detailed studies on philometrids would be significant not only from the theoretical viewpoint, but also because of their practical implications. A list of philometrid nematode species by continents is provided.
菲尔ometra科的成员是寄生在鱼类身上的最重要的龙线科线虫类群。在其关于龙线总科的专著中，莫拉韦克（2006年）报告了总共11个属和105种寄生在淡水、咸淡水和海洋鱼类身上的菲尔ometra科线虫。然而，在过去六年（2007 - 2012年）中，又描述了另外42个菲尔ometra科新物种，使已知物种数量增加了40%。这些新物种中的大多数（30种）属于1845年的菲尔ometra属科斯塔，主要以海洋鱼类寄生虫为代表，其他一些（8种）属于1935年的似菲尔ometra属山口，以下各属各有一个新物种：2008年的鲹线属莫拉韦克、蒙托亚 - 门多萨和萨尔加多 - 马尔多纳多，2002年的齿菲尔ometra属莫拉韦克和王，2013年的齿鲁迈属基亚松和莫拉韦克*以及1971年的螺旋菲尔ometra属帕鲁欣。此外，还建立了三个新属，2009年的非洲菲尔ometra属莫拉韦克、查罗 - 卡里萨和吉尔库，鲹线属和齿鲁迈属。首次使用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）研究了七个属的代表，即非洲菲尔ometra属、1963年的巴克利埃拉属拉希德、鲹线属、齿菲尔ometra属、齿鲁迈属、1989年的副似菲尔ometra属莫拉韦克和沙哈罗姆 - 哈里森以及1960年的鲁迈属。重新描述了13个已知但描述不佳的菲尔ometra科物种，并且在一些鲹线属和菲尔ometra属物种中发现并描述了以前未知的同种雄性。通过扫描电子显微镜研究的雄性体表超微结构为物种区分提供了新的重要分类特征。基因测序在最近的几项研究中得到应用，增进了我们对七个属（非洲菲尔ometra属、1963年的阿林纳属拉希德、鲹线属、1960年的尼罗奈马属哈利勒、菲尔ometra属、似菲尔ometra属和鲁迈属）代表之间系统发育关系以及菲尔ometra科生物多样性程度的理解。获得了关于几种尼罗奈马属、菲尔ometra属、似菲尔ometra属和鲁迈属物种的生物学和致病性的新数据。强调了进行调查以寻找雄性并使用扫描电子显微镜和基因测序来鉴定菲尔ometra科线虫的必要性。建议采用适当的定量方法来确定菲尔ometra科线虫在卵巢组织中对宿主繁殖力的影响。对菲尔ometra科线虫进行进一步详细研究不仅从理论角度来看具有重要意义，而且因其实际影响也很重要。提供了按大陆列出的菲尔ometra科线虫物种清单。
