Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Compr Physiol. 2012 Jan;2(1):609-19. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c080112.
The history of respiratory mechanics is reviewed over a period of some 2,500 years from the ancient Greeks to World War II. A cardinal early figure was Galen (130-199 AD) who made remarkably perceptive statements on the diaphragm and the anatomy of the phrenic nerves. The polymath Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) contributed observations on pulmonary mechanics including the pleural space and bronchial airflow that still make good reading. Vesalius (1514-1564) produced magnificent illustrations of the lung, ribcage, and diaphragm. In the 17th century, the Oxford School including Boyle, Hooke, Lower, and Mayow were responsible for many contributions on mechanical functions including the intercostal muscles and the pleura. Hales (1677-1761) calculated the size and surface area of the alveoli, the time spent by the blood in the pulmonary capillaries, and intrathoracic pressures. Poiseuille (1799-1869) carried out classical studies of fluid mechanics including one of the first demonstrations of flow limitation in collapsible vessels. The culmination of the pre-World War II period was the outstanding contributions of Rohrer (1888-1926) and his two Swiss countrymen, Wirz (1896-1978) and von Neergaard (1887-1947). Rohrer developed the first comprehensive, quantitative treatment of respiratory mechanics in the space of 10 years including an analysis of flow in airways, and the pressure-volume behavior of the respiratory system. von Neergaard performed landmark studies on the effects of surface tension on pressure-volume behavior. Progress over the 2,500 years was slow and erratic at times, but by 1940 the stage was set for the spectacular developments of the next 70 years.
回顾了 2500 多年来从古希腊到第二次世界大战期间的呼吸力学发展史。一位早期的重要人物是盖伦（公元 130-199 年），他对横膈膜和膈神经的解剖结构做出了非常有洞察力的陈述。博学多才的列奥纳多·达·芬奇（Leonardo da Vinci，1452-1519 年）对肺力学做出了观察，包括胸膜腔和支气管气流，这些观察至今仍有很好的参考价值。维萨里乌斯（ Vesalius，1514-1564 年）制作了肺部、肋骨和横膈膜的精美插图。在 17 世纪，牛津学派包括 Boyle、Hooke、Lower 和 Mayow 等人对机械功能做出了许多贡献，包括肋间肌和胸膜。黑尔斯（ Hales，1677-1761 年）计算了肺泡的大小和表面积、血液在肺毛细血管中停留的时间以及胸腔内的压力。泊肃叶（ Poiseuille，1799-1869 年）进行了流体力学的经典研究，其中包括对可塌陷血管中流量限制的最早演示之一。第二次世界大战前时期的高潮是罗勒（ Rohrer，1888-1926 年）及其两位瑞士同胞 Wirz（Wirz，1896-1978 年）和冯·尼加德（ von Neergaard，1887-1947 年）的杰出贡献。罗勒在 10 年内首次对呼吸力学进行了全面、定量的处理，包括对气道内流量的分析以及呼吸系统的压力-容积行为。冯·尼加德（ von Neergaard）对表面张力对压力-容积行为的影响进行了具有里程碑意义的研究。2500 多年来的进展缓慢且时断时续，但到 1940 年，为接下来 70 年的惊人发展奠定了基础。
