Research Unit for Clinical Biomechanics, Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Clinical Locomotion Network, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark.
BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013 Jun 12;14:185. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-185.
Back pain in children is common and early onset of back pain has been shown to increase the risk of back pain significantly in adulthood. Consequently, preventive efforts must be targeted the young population but research relating to spinal problems in this age group is scarce. Focus has primarily been on the working age population, and therefore specific questionnaires to measure spinal pain and its consequences, specifically aimed at children and adolescents are absent. The purpose of this study was to develop a questionnaire for schoolchildren filling this gap.
The Young Spine Questionnaire (YSQ) was developed in three phases--a conceptualisation, development and testing phase. The conceptualisation phase followed the Wilson and Cleary model and included questions regarding spinal prevalence estimates, pain frequency and intensity, activity restrictions, care seeking behaviour and influence of parental back trouble. Items from existing questionnaires and the "Revised Faces Pain Scale" (rFPS) were included during the development phase. The testing phase consisted of a mixed quantitative and qualitative iterative method carried out in two pilot tests using 4th grade children and focusing on assessment of spinal area location and item validity.
The testing phase resulted in omission of the pain drawings and the questions and answer categories were simplified in several questions. Agreement between the questionnaire prevalence estimates and the interviews ranged between 83.7% (cervical pain today) and 97.9% (thoracic pain today). To improve the understanding of the spinal boundaries we added bony landmarks to the spinal drawings after pilot test I. This resulted in an improved sense of spinal boundary location in pilot test II. Correlations between the rFPS and the interview pain score ranged between 0.67 (cervical spine) and 0.79 (lumbar spine).
The Young Spine Questionnaire contains questions that assess spinal pain and its consequences. The items have been tested for content understanding and agreement between questionnaire scores and interview findings among target respondents. These preliminary results suggest that the YSQ is feasible, has content validity and is a well understood questionnaire to be used in studies of children aged 9 to 11 years.
儿童背部疼痛很常见，而且早期出现的背部疼痛会显著增加成年后患背部疼痛的风险。因此，必须针对年轻人群进行预防工作，但针对该年龄段脊柱问题的研究却很少。研究重点主要集中在工作年龄段人群，因此缺乏专门针对儿童和青少年的测量脊柱疼痛及其后果的特定问卷。本研究旨在开发一种针对学龄儿童的问卷来填补这一空白。
青少年脊柱问卷（YSQ）通过三个阶段开发——概念化、开发和测试阶段。概念化阶段遵循 Wilson 和 Cleary 模型，包括有关脊柱流行率估计、疼痛频率和强度、活动受限、寻求医疗护理行为以及父母背部问题影响的问题。在开发阶段纳入了来自现有问卷和“修订面部疼痛量表”（rFPS）的项目。测试阶段包括使用四年级儿童进行的两轮试点测试，采用混合定量和定性迭代方法，重点评估脊柱区域定位和项目有效性。
测试阶段导致疼痛绘图被删除，并且几个问题的问题和答案类别得到简化。问卷流行率估计与访谈之间的一致性范围为 83.7%（今天的颈部疼痛）至 97.9%（今天的胸背部疼痛）。为了提高对脊柱边界的理解，我们在试点测试 I 之后在脊柱绘图上添加了骨性标志。这导致在试点测试 II 中脊柱边界定位的感觉得到改善。rFPS 与访谈疼痛评分之间的相关性范围为 0.67（颈椎）至 0.79（腰椎）。
青少年脊柱问卷包含评估脊柱疼痛及其后果的问题。已经对这些项目进行了内容理解和问卷得分与目标受访者访谈结果之间的一致性测试。这些初步结果表明，YSQ 是可行的，具有内容有效性，并且是一种易于理解的问卷，可用于 9 至 11 岁儿童的研究。
