Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA. Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1018 WS Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Environ Microbiol Rep. 2009 Feb;1(1):27-37. doi: 10.1111/j.1758-2229.2008.00004.x.
Cyanobacteria are the Earth's oldest known oxygen-evolving photosynthetic microorganisms, and they have had major impacts on shaping our current atmosphere and biosphere. Their long evolutionary history has enabled cyanobacteria to develop survival strategies and persist as important primary producers during numerous geochemical and climatic changes that have taken place on Earth during the past 3.5 billion years. Today, some cyanobacterial species form massive surface growths or 'blooms' that produce toxins, cause oxygen depletion and alter food webs, posing a major threat to drinking and irrigation water supplies, fishing and recreational use of surface waters worldwide. These harmful cyanobacteria can take advantage of anthropogenically induced nutrient over-enrichment (eutrophication), and hydrologic modifications (water withdrawal, reservoir construction). Here, we review recent studies revealing that regional and global climatic change may benefit various species of harmful cyanobacteria by increasing their growth rates, dominance, persistence, geographic distributions and activity. Future climatic change scenarios predict rising temperatures, enhanced vertical stratification of aquatic ecosystems, and alterations in seasonal and interannual weather patterns (including droughts, storms, floods); these changes all favour harmful cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic waters. Therefore, current mitigation and water management strategies, which are largely based on nutrient input and hydrologic controls, must also accommodate the environmental effects of global warming.
蓝藻是地球上已知最古老的产氧光合作用微生物，对塑造我们当前的大气和生物圈产生了重大影响。它们漫长的进化历史使蓝藻能够发展出生存策略，并在过去 35 亿年中地球上发生的无数地球化学和气候变化中作为重要的初级生产者而存活下来。如今，一些蓝藻物种形成了大规模的表面生长或“水华”，产生毒素，导致缺氧，并改变食物网，对全球饮用水和灌溉用水供应、渔业和地表水娱乐用途构成重大威胁。这些有害蓝藻可以利用人为引起的营养过度富集（富营养化）和水文变化（取水、水库建设）。在这里，我们回顾了最近的研究，这些研究表明，区域和全球气候变化可能通过提高各种有害蓝藻的增长率、优势度、持久性、地理分布和活性，使它们受益。未来的气候变化情景预测气温上升、水生生态系统的垂直分层增强，以及季节性和年际天气模式的变化（包括干旱、风暴、洪水）；所有这些变化都有利于富营养化水中有害蓝藻的水华。因此，目前基于营养物质输入和水文控制的缓解和水管理策略也必须适应全球变暖的环境影响。
