Role of Nrf2 in protection against acute kidney injury.

Multifaceted cell defense pathways perform a critical role in the maintenance of homeostasis at the cellular, tissue, and organism levels. The Keap1-Nrf2 pathway is one of the most important of these cytoprotective pathways, with Nrf2 serving as a master transcriptional regulator of the basal and inducible expression of a multitude of genes encoding detoxification enzymes, antioxidant proteins, xenobiotic transporters, and other stress-response mediators. An increasing body of evidence supports a vital physiological role for Nrf2 in protection of the kidney against a number of diseases, and the pharmacological induction of Nrf2 by bardoxolone methyl (methyl-2-cyano 3,12-dioxooleano-1,9-dien-28-oate, CDDO-Me) has shown promise for the management of such pathologies. Acute kidney injury, induced by drugs and other stimuli, is a significant clinical problem, and accounts for the cessation of development of many promising drug candidates. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie acute kidney injury, and the biological facets that determine the balance between renal adaptation and dysfunction, is therefore vital to reducing clinical burden and patient suffering. The focus of this review is to highlight recent work that has demonstrated an ability of Nrf2 to determine the sensitivity of the kidney to acute injury invoked by environmental insults such as heavy metals and ischemia, as well as xenobiotics such as cyclosporin A and cisplatin.