Petit A, Karila L, Lejoyeux M
Service de psychiatrie, addictologie et tabacologie, faculté de médecine, université Paris VII, hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, 75018 Paris, France.
Centre d'enseignement, de recherche et de traitement des addictions, hôpital Paul-Brousse, AP-HP, 94800 Villejuif, France.
Encephale. 2014 Apr;40(2):174-9. doi: 10.1016/j.encep.2013.04.001. Epub 2013 Jun 27.
Socially valorised tanning, like other forms of behaviour, can take on an addictive aspect. Excessive tanning, defined by the presence of impulsivity and repetition of tanning that leads to personal distress, is a psychiatric disorder that has only recently been recognized. This finding is based on the observations of many dermatologists who report an addictive relationship in their patients with tanning cabins despite announcement of the diagnosis of malignant melanoma.
This article attempts to synthesize the existing literature on excessive tanning and addiction to investigate possible associations. This review focuses on the prevalence, clinical features, aetiology, and treatment of this disorder.
The literature review was conducted from 1983 to 2012, using PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and PsycInfo, using the following keywords alone or combined: Tanning, Addiction, Sunbeds, Skin cancer prevention, and Treatment. We investigated different models to determine how excessive tanning met these criteria.
Excessive Tanning was described in the 2000s by an American dermatologist, Carolyn Heckman. Wartham et al. were the first to have proposed a theoretical framework for addiction to sunbathing, as well as two scales (m CAGE and m DSM IV) for the diagnosis and to assess the degree of addiction. These diagnostic criteria describe the craving like-symptoms, the feeling of losing control, or the continuation of the behavior despite knowledge of negative consequences. Excessive Tanning is not present in the classifications of the DSM or ICD, but may be related to Addiction, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Impulse control disorders, Anorexia, or Body Dysmorphic Disorder.
Excessive tanning can be included in the spectrum of behavioural addictions due its clinical characteristics in common with classics addictive disorders. They are a variety of other models, which may offer an explanation for or insight into tanning behaviour. Further studies must be controlled, notably on clinical psychopathology, neurobiology and management to improve our understanding of excessive tanning.
与其他行为形式一样，社会推崇的晒黑行为可能会呈现出成瘾的特征。过度晒黑被定义为存在冲动性以及反复晒黑并导致个人痛苦，这是一种直到最近才被认识到的精神疾病。这一发现基于许多皮肤科医生的观察，他们报告称，尽管已诊断出恶性黑色素瘤，但他们的患者仍与晒黑舱存在成瘾关系。
本文试图综合现有关于过度晒黑和成瘾的文献，以研究可能的关联。本综述聚焦于这种疾病的患病率、临床特征、病因及治疗。
使用PubMed、谷歌学术、EMBASE和PsycInfo进行了1983年至2012年的文献综述，单独或组合使用以下关键词：晒黑、成瘾、日光浴床、皮肤癌预防和治疗。我们研究了不同模型，以确定过度晒黑如何符合这些标准。
21世纪初，美国皮肤科医生卡罗琳·赫克曼描述了过度晒黑。沃瑟姆等人首次提出了日光浴成瘾的理论框架，以及用于诊断和评估成瘾程度的两个量表（m CAGE和m DSM IV）。这些诊断标准描述了类似渴望的症状、失去控制的感觉，或尽管知道有负面后果仍继续该行为。过度晒黑未出现在《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》（DSM）或《国际疾病分类》（ICD）的分类中，但可能与成瘾、强迫症、冲动控制障碍、厌食症或躯体变形障碍有关。
由于过度晒黑的临床特征与经典成瘾性疾病相同，它可被纳入行为成瘾的范畴。还有其他多种模型，可能为晒黑行为提供解释或见解。必须进行进一步的对照研究，尤其是在临床精神病理学、神经生物学和管理方面，以增进我们对过度晒黑的理解。
