a Membrane Biochemistry Laboratory, Physiology and Biophysics Program , Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile.
Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2013;30(9):1660-77. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2013.805438. Epub 2013 Jul 4.
The aim of this study was to analyse and determine the composition of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins and lipophilic toxins in the Region of Aysén, Chile, in wild endemic mussels (Mytilus chilensis, Venus antiqua, Aulacomya ater, Choromytilus chorus, Tagelus dombeii and Gari solida) and in two endemic carnivorous molluscs species (Concholepas concholepas and Argobuccinum ranelliforme). PSP-toxin contents were determined by using HPLC with fluorescence detection, while lipophilic toxins were determined by using LC-MS/MS. Mean concentrations for the total of PSP toxins were in the range 55-2505 μg saxitoxin-equivalent/100 g. The two most contaminated samples for PSP toxicity were bivalve Gari solida and carnivorous Argobuccinum ranelliforme with 2505 ± 101 and 1850 ± 137 μg saxitoxin-equivalent/100 g, respectively (p < 0.05). The lipophilic toxins identified were okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1), azaspiracid-1 (AZA-1), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) and yessotoxins (YTX). All analysed molluscs contained lipophilic toxins at levels ranging from 56 ± 4.8 to 156.1 ± 8.2 μg of okadaic acid-equivalent/kg shellfish together with YTX at levels ranging from 1.0 ± 0.1 to 18 ± 0.9 μg of YTX-equivalent/kg shellfish and AZA at levels ranging from 3.6 ± 0.2 to 31 ± 2.1 μg of AZA-equivalent/kg shellfish. Furthermore, different bivalves and gastropods differ in their capacity of retention of lipophilic toxins, as shown by the determination of their respective lipophilic toxins levels. In all the evaluated species, the presence of lipophilic toxins associated with biotransformation in molluscs and carnivorous gastropods was not identified, in contrast to the identification of PSP toxins, where the profiles identified in the different species are directly related to biotransformation processes. Thus, this study provides evidence that the concentration of toxins in the food intake of the evaluated species (Bivalvia and Gastropoda class) determines the degree of bioaccumulation and biotransformation they will thereafter exhibit.
本研究的目的是分析和确定智利阿萨伊恩地区野生地方性贻贝（Mytilus chilensis、Venus antiqua、Aulacomya ater、Choromytilus chorus、Tagelus dombeii 和 Gari solida）以及两种地方性肉食性贝类（Concholepas concholepas 和 Argobuccinum ranelliforme）中麻痹性贝类毒素（PSP）和脂溶性毒素的组成。采用 HPLC 荧光检测法测定 PSP 毒素含量，采用 LC-MS/MS 法测定脂溶性毒素含量。总 PSP 毒素浓度范围为 55-2505μg 石房蛤毒素当量/100g。PSP 毒性污染最严重的两种贝类样品是双壳类贻贝 Gari solida 和肉食性 Argobuccinum ranelliforme，其石房蛤毒素当量分别为 2505±101μg/100g 和 1850±137μg/100g（p<0.05）。鉴定出的脂溶性毒素为 okadaic 酸、戴奥辛-1（DTX-1）、azaspiracid-1（AZA-1）、扇贝毒素-2（PTX-2）和膝沟藻毒素（YTX）。所有分析的贝类均含有脂溶性毒素，浓度范围为 56±4.8 至 156.1±8.2μg 雪卡毒素当量/kg 贝类，同时含有 YTX，浓度范围为 1.0±0.1 至 18±0.9μg 膝沟藻毒素当量/kg 贝类和 AZA，浓度范围为 3.6±0.2 至 31±2.1μg AZA 当量/kg 贝类。此外，不同的双壳类和腹足类贝类对脂溶性毒素的保留能力不同，这可以通过测定其各自的脂溶性毒素水平来证明。在所评估的所有物种中，均未发现与贝类和肉食性腹足类生物转化相关的脂溶性毒素的存在，而 PSP 毒素的鉴定则直接与不同物种的生物转化过程相关。因此，本研究表明，在所评估的物种（双壳类和腹足类）的食物摄入中毒素浓度决定了它们随后的生物积累和生物转化程度。
