Moon Jungaa, Betts Shawn, Anderson John R
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
Acta Psychol (Amst). 2013 Sep;144(1):154-65. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.05.011. Epub 2013 Jul 4.
The current study investigated the effects of individual differences and workload on strategy adaptivity in a complex, dynamic task called the Space Fortress game (Donchin, 1989). Participants learned to use a strategy of flying a ship in circles around the fortress in a standard game environment. Once they mastered the strategy, they were assigned to different workload conditions and transferred to a nonstandard environment in which a strong wind was introduced that made it more difficult to achieve a circular orbit. About half of the participants continued with their prior circular strategy while the rest adopted a novel strategy that achieved comparable performance with less effort. With this novel strategy, rather than trying to complete orbits they flew into the wind and then allowed the wind to blow them back to achieve a pendulum-like path. Participants without a working-memory load were more likely to adopt the new strategy. Participants were also more likely to adopt the new strategy if their pattern of behavior exposed them more often to the potential of drifting with the wind. The results indicate that spontaneous changes in strategy occur when people are exposed to the potential of a new strategy and have the cognitive resources to understand its potential.
当前的研究调查了个体差异和工作量对名为“太空堡垒”游戏（唐钦，1989年）这一复杂动态任务中策略适应性的影响。参与者在标准游戏环境中学习使用一种驾驶飞船绕堡垒飞行的策略。一旦他们掌握了该策略，就被分配到不同的工作量条件下，并转移到一个引入强风的非标准环境中，这使得实现圆形轨道变得更加困难。大约一半的参与者继续采用他们之前的圆形策略，而其余的人则采用了一种新颖的策略，这种策略以更少的努力取得了相当的表现。采用这种新颖的策略时，他们不是试图完成轨道飞行，而是迎着风飞行，然后让风把他们吹回来，从而形成类似钟摆的路径。没有工作记忆负荷的参与者更有可能采用新策略。如果参与者的行为模式使他们更频繁地接触到随风漂移的可能性，那么他们也更有可能采用新策略。结果表明，当人们接触到新策略的可能性并且有认知资源来理解其潜力时，策略会发生自发变化。
