CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Qld 4102, Australia; Faculty of Science, Health and Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, DC, Qld 4558, Australia.
Sci Total Environ. 2013 Oct 1;463-464:488-96. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.020. Epub 2013 Jul 3.
The concurrence of human sewage contamination in urban stormwater runoff (n=23) from six urban catchments across Australia was assessed by using both microbial source tracking (MST) and chemical source tracking (CST) markers. Out of 23 stormwater samples human adenovirus (HAv), human polyomavirus (HPv) and the sewage-associated markers; Methanobrevibacter smithii nifH and Bacteroides HF183 were detected in 91%, 56%, 43% and 96% of samples, respectively. Similarly, CST markers paracetamol (87%), salicylic acid (78%) acesulfame (96%) and caffeine (91%) were frequently detected. Twenty one samples (91%) were positive for six to eight sewage related MST and CST markers and remaining two samples were positive for five and four markers, respectively. A very good consensus (>91%) observed between the concurrence of the HF183, HAv, acesulfame and caffeine suggests good predictability of the presence of HAv in samples positive for one of the three markers. High prevalence of HAv (91%) also suggests that other enteric viruses may also be present in the stormwater samples which may pose significant health risks. This study underscores the benefits of employing a set of MST and CST markers which could include monitoring for HF183, adenovirus, caffeine and paracetamol to accurately detect human sewage contamination along with credible information on the presence of human enteric viruses, which could be used for more reliable public health risk assessments. Based on the results obtained in this study, it is recommended that some degree of treatment of captured stormwater would be required if it were to be used for non-potable purposes.
本研究采用微生物源追踪（MST）和化学源追踪（CST）标志物，评估了来自澳大利亚六个城市集水区的 23 个城市雨水径流样本（n=23）中人类污水污染的共存情况。在 23 个雨水样本中，分别有 91%、56%、43%和 96%的样本中检测到了人腺病毒（HAv）、人多瘤病毒（HPv）和与污水相关的标志物；甲烷杆菌 nifH 和双歧杆菌 HF183。同样，CST 标志物对乙酰氨基酚（87%）、水杨酸（78%）、乙酰磺胺酸（96%）和咖啡因（91%）也经常被检测到。21 个样本（91%）对六到八种与污水相关的 MST 和 CST 标志物呈阳性，其余两个样本分别对五种和四种标志物呈阳性。HF183、HAv、乙酰磺胺酸和咖啡因的一致性非常好（>91%），这表明在对这三种标志物中的一种呈阳性的样本中，HAv 的存在具有很好的预测性。HAv 的高流行率（91%）也表明，其他肠道病毒也可能存在于雨水样本中，这可能会带来重大的健康风险。本研究强调了使用一组 MST 和 CST 标志物的好处，这些标志物可以包括监测 HF183、腺病毒、咖啡因和对乙酰氨基酚，以准确检测人类污水污染，同时提供有关人类肠道病毒存在的可靠信息，这可用于更可靠的公共卫生风险评估。基于本研究的结果，如果要将捕获的雨水用于非饮用水用途，则建议对其进行一定程度的处理。
