Howard David M, Daffern Helena, Brereton Jude
Audio Laboratory, Department of Electronics, University of York , Heslington, York, YO10 5DD , UK.
Logoped Phoniatr Vocol. 2013 Oct;38(3):135-42. doi: 10.3109/14015439.2013.812143. Epub 2013 Jul 15.
Accurate tuning is an important aspect of singing in harmony in the context of a choir or vocal ensemble. Tuning and 'pitch drift' are concerning factors in performance for even the most accomplished professional choirs when singing a cappella (unaccompanied). In less experienced choirs tuning often lacks precision, typically because individual singers have not developed appropriate listening skills. In order to investigate accuracy of tuning in ensemble singing situations, a chorally appropriate reference is required against which frequency measurements can be made. Since most basic choral singing involves chords in four parts, a four-part reference template is used in which the fundamental frequencies of the notes in each chord can be accurately set. This template can now be used in experiments where three of the reference parts are tuned in any musical temperament (tuning system), in this case equal and just temperaments, and played over headphones to a singer to allow her/his tuning strategy to be investigated. This paper describes a practical implementation of a four-part choral synthesis system in Pure Data (Pd) and its use in an investigation of tuning of notes by individual singers using an exercise originally written to explore pitch drift in a cappella choral singing.
在合唱团或声乐合奏的背景下，准确调音是和声演唱的一个重要方面。即使是最有成就的专业合唱团在无伴奏演唱时，调音和“音高漂移”也是表演中令人担忧的因素。在经验较少的合唱团中，调音往往缺乏精确性，通常是因为个别歌手尚未培养出适当的听力技巧。为了研究合奏演唱情况下的调音准确性，需要一个适合合唱的参考标准，以便进行频率测量。由于大多数基础合唱演唱涉及四部和声，因此使用了一个四部参考模板，其中每个和弦中音符的基频可以精确设定。现在，这个模板可用于实验，在实验中，参考部分中的三个部分可以按照任何音乐律制（调音系统）进行调音，在这种情况下是等律和纯律，并通过耳机播放给歌手，以便研究其调音策略。本文描述了一个在纯数据（Pd）中实现的四部合唱合成系统的实际应用，以及它在一项针对个别歌手音符调音的研究中的使用，该研究使用了一个最初为探索无伴奏合唱演唱中的音高漂移而编写的练习。
