UMR 7204 MNHN-CNRS-UPMC, Conservation des Espèces, Restauration et Suivi des Populations, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 55 Rue Buffon, Paris F-75005, France.
Conserv Biol. 2013 Aug;27(4):844-55. doi: 10.1111/cobi.12108.
Increase in human settlements at the edge of protected areas (PAs) is perceived as a major threat to conservation of biodiversity. Although it is crucial to integrate the interests of surrounding communities into PA management, key drivers of changes in local populations and the effects of conservation on local livelihoods and perceptions remain poorly understood. We assessed population changes from 1990 to 2010 in 9 villages located between 2 PAs with different management policies (access to natural resources or not). We conducted semi-directive interviews at the household level (n =217) to document reasons for settlement in the area and villager's attitudes toward the PAs. We examined drivers of these attitudes relative to household typology, feelings about conservation, and concerns for the future with mixed linear models. Population increased by 61% from 2000 to 2010, a period of political and economic crisis in Zimbabwe. Forty-seven percent of immigrants were attracted by the area; others had been resettled from other villages or were returning to family lands. Attitudes toward PAs were generally positive, but immigrants attracted by the area and who used resources within the PA with fewer restrictions expressed more negative attitudes toward PAs. Household location, losses due to wild animals, and restrictions on access to natural resources were the main drivers of this negative attitude. Profit-seeking migrants did not expect these constraints and were particularly concerned with local overpopulation and access to natural resources. To avoid socio-ecological traps near PAs (i.e., unforeseen reduced adaptive capacity) integrated conservation should address mismatches between management policy and local expectations. This requires accounting for endogenous processes, for example, local socio-ecological dynamics and values that shape the coexistence between humans and wildlife.
人类住区在保护区边缘的增加被认为是生物多样性保护的主要威胁。尽管将周边社区的利益纳入保护区管理至关重要，但人们对当地人口变化的关键驱动因素以及保护对当地生计和观念的影响仍知之甚少。我们评估了位于两个具有不同管理政策（是否可以获得自然资源）的保护区之间的 9 个村庄从 1990 年到 2010 年的人口变化。我们在家庭层面进行了半直接访谈（n=217），以记录人们在该地区定居的原因以及村民对保护区的态度。我们利用混合线性模型，相对于家庭类型、对保护的看法以及对未来的担忧，来检验这些态度的驱动因素。从 2000 年到 2010 年，人口增长了 61%，这是津巴布韦政治和经济危机的时期。47%的移民是被该地区吸引而来的；其他人是从其他村庄重新安置过来的，或者是回到家族土地上的。对保护区的态度普遍是积极的，但那些被该地区吸引、在保护区内使用资源限制较少的移民对保护区的态度更为消极。家庭位置、野生动物造成的损失以及对获取自然资源的限制是这种消极态度的主要驱动因素。寻求利润的移民没有预料到这些限制，他们特别关注当地人口过剩和获取自然资源的问题。为了避免保护区附近出现社会生态陷阱（即，不可预见的适应能力降低），综合保护应该解决管理政策与当地预期之间的不匹配问题。这需要考虑到内生过程，例如，塑造人类与野生动物共存的当地社会生态动态和价值观。
