Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and The Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2013 Sep;19(8):854-62. doi: 10.1017/S1355617713000738. Epub 2013 Jul 18.
The theory of cognitive reserve attempts to explain why some individuals are more resilient to age-related brain pathology. Efforts to explore reserve have been hindered by measurement difficulties. Reed et al. (2010) proposed quantifying reserve as residual variance in episodic memory performance that remains after accounting for demographic factors and brain pathology (whole brain, hippocampal, and white matter hyperintensity volumes). This residual variance represents the discrepancy between an individual’s predicted and actual memory performance. The goals of the present study were to extend these methods to a larger, community-based sample and to investigate whether the residual reserve variable is explained by age, predicts longitudinal changes in language, and predicts dementia conversion independent of age. Results support this operational measure of reserve. The residual reserve variable was associated with higher reading ability, lower likelihood of meeting criteria for mild cognitive impairment, lower odds of dementia conversion in dependent of age, and less decline in language abilities over 3 years. Finally, the residual reserve variable moderated the negative impact of memory variance explained by brain pathology on language decline. This method has the potential to facilitate research on the mechanisms of cognitive reserve and the efficacy of interventions designed to impart reserve.
认知储备理论试图解释为什么有些人对与年龄相关的大脑病理变化更有弹性。探索储备的努力受到测量困难的阻碍。里德等人（2010 年）提出，将储备量化为情节记忆表现的剩余方差，该方差在考虑人口统计学因素和大脑病理（全脑、海马和白质高信号体积）后仍然存在。这种剩余方差代表个体预测和实际记忆表现之间的差异。本研究的目的是将这些方法扩展到更大的基于社区的样本，并探讨剩余储备变量是否由年龄解释，是否可以预测语言的纵向变化，以及是否可以独立于年龄预测痴呆症的转化。结果支持这种储备的操作性衡量标准。剩余储备变量与较高的阅读能力相关，与轻度认知障碍标准的可能性较低，与年龄无关的痴呆症转化几率较低，以及在 3 年内语言能力下降较少。最后，剩余储备变量调节了大脑病理解释的记忆方差对语言下降的负面影响。这种方法有可能促进对认知储备机制和旨在赋予储备的干预措施的有效性的研究。
