Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2013 Aug;51(7):566-74. doi: 10.3109/15563650.2013.820310.
Small studies have associated energy drinks-beverages that typically contain high concentrations of caffeine and other stimulants-with serious adverse health events.
To assess the incidence and outcomes of toxic exposures to caffeine-containing energy drinks, including caffeinated alcoholic energy drinks, and to evaluate the effect of regulatory actions and educational initiatives on the rates of energy drink exposures.
We analyzed all unique cases of energy drink exposures reported to the US National Poison Data System (NPDS) between October 1, 2010 and September 30, 2011. We analyzed only exposures to caffeine-containing energy drinks consumed as a single product ingestion and categorized them as caffeine-containing non-alcoholic, alcoholic, or "unknown" for those with unknown formulations. Non-alcoholic energy drinks were further classified as those containing caffeine from a single source and those containing multiple stimulant additives, such as guarana or yerba mate. The data were analyzed for the demographics and outcomes of exposures (unknown data were not included in the denominator for percentages). The rates of change of energy drink-related calls to poison centers were analyzed before and after major regulatory events.
Of 2.3 million calls to the NPDS, 4854 (0.2%) were energy drink-related. The 3192 (65.8%) cases involving energy drinks with unknown additives were excluded. Of 1480 non-alcoholic energy drink cases, 50.7% were children < 6 years old; 76.7% were unintentional; and 60.8% were males. The incidence of moderate to major adverse effects of energy drink-related toxicity was 15.2% and 39.3% for non-alcoholic and alcoholic energy drinks, respectively. Major adverse effects consisted of three cases of seizure, two of non-ventricular dysrhythmia, one ventricular dysrhythmia, and one tachypnea. Of the 182 caffeinated alcoholic energy drink cases, 68.2% were < 20 years old; 76.7% were referred to a health care facility. Educational and legislative initiatives to enhance understanding of the health consequences of energy drink consumption were significantly associated with a decreased rate of energy drink-related cases (p = 0.036).
About half the cases of energy drink-related toxicity involved unintentional exposures by children < 6 years old. Educational campaigns and legal restrictions on the sale of energy drinks were associated with decreasing calls to poison centers for energy drink toxicity and are encouraged.
一些小型研究表明，能量饮料——通常含有高浓度咖啡因和其他兴奋剂的饮料——与严重的健康不良事件有关。
评估含咖啡因的能量饮料（包括含咖啡因的酒精能量饮料）中毒暴露的发生率和结果，并评估监管行动和教育计划对能量饮料暴露率的影响。
我们分析了 2010 年 10 月 1 日至 2011 年 9 月 30 日期间向美国国家毒物数据系统（NPDS）报告的所有独特的能量饮料暴露案例。我们仅分析了作为单一产品摄入的含咖啡因的能量饮料暴露情况，并将其归类为含咖啡因的非酒精饮料、酒精饮料或“未知”，对于那些配方未知的饮料则归类为“未知”。非酒精能量饮料进一步分为含有单一来源咖啡因的饮料和含有多种兴奋剂添加剂的饮料，如瓜拉纳或马黛茶。分析了暴露的人口统计学和结果（未知数据未包含在百分比的分母中）。在重大监管事件前后，分析了与能量饮料相关的中毒热线电话的变化率。
在 NPDS 的 230 万次呼叫中，有 4854 次（0.2%）与能量饮料有关。有 3192 个（65.8%）涉及含有未知添加剂的能量饮料的案例被排除在外。在 1480 个非酒精能量饮料病例中，50.7%为 6 岁以下儿童；76.7%为非故意的；60.8%为男性。非酒精和酒精能量饮料相关毒性的中度至重度不良影响的发生率分别为 15.2%和 39.3%。主要的不良影响包括三例癫痫发作、两例非室性心律失常、一例室性心律失常和一例呼吸急促。在 182 例含咖啡因的酒精能量饮料病例中，68.2%为 20 岁以下；76.7%被转介到医疗机构。提高对能量饮料消费健康后果的认识的教育和立法举措与能量饮料相关病例的减少率显著相关（p=0.036）。
约一半的能量饮料相关毒性病例涉及 6 岁以下儿童的非故意暴露。教育运动和对能量饮料销售的法律限制与向中毒中心报告的能量饮料毒性电话减少有关，因此受到鼓励。
