Cook L, Sepinwall J
Fed Proc. 1975 Aug;34(9):1889-97.
Behavior controlled by various schedules of reinforcement is useful for characterizing drugs as well as for analyzing the mechanisms of action of their effects on behavior. Conditioned avoidance techniques have been useful for studying neuroleptics and for predicting their clinical antipsychotic acitivity; the possible involvement of dopaminergic mechanisms in the effect of neurolpetics on avoidance behavior is discussed. Tricyclic antidepressant agents have been studied in assays involving interactions with other agents, such as cocaine, amphetamine and tetrabenazine. One type of operant behavior, Sidman avoidance, has been used as particularly sensitive assay for such drug interactions. Another schedule, in which "observing" responses in pigeons are measured. seems to provide a method for studying antidepressants without involving drug interaction phenomena. For tricyclic compounds, facilitation of observing responses and weak potency of conditioned avoidance inhibition constitute a pharmacological profile that seems to have some predictive value for clinical imipramine-like antidepressant activity. "Conflict (punishment) schedules have been useful for predicting antianxiety activity in man. Although the degree of anticonflict effect observed is consistent with Dew's rate dependency hypothesis, this principle does not fully account for the observed drug effects. In the conflict model, the actions of benzodiazepines differ in drug-naive versus drug-experienced animals. Experiments with parachlorophenylalnine have not yet provided clear support for the postulated role of serotonin in related phenomena.
由各种强化程序控制的行为，对于药物特性描述以及分析其对行为影响的作用机制都很有用。条件性回避技术在研究抗精神病药物和预测其临床抗精神病活性方面很有用；文中讨论了多巴胺能机制可能参与抗精神病药物对回避行为的影响。三环类抗抑郁药已在涉及与其他药物（如可卡因、苯丙胺和丁苯那嗪）相互作用的试验中进行了研究。一种操作性行为，即西德曼回避，已被用作此类药物相互作用的特别敏感的试验。另一种程序，即测量鸽子的“观察”反应，似乎提供了一种在不涉及药物相互作用现象的情况下研究抗抑郁药的方法。对于三环类化合物，观察反应的促进作用和条件性回避抑制的低效价构成了一种药理学特征，这似乎对临床丙咪嗪样抗抑郁活性有一定的预测价值。“冲突（惩罚）程序在预测人类抗焦虑活性方面很有用。尽管观察到的抗冲突效应程度与德伊的速率依赖性假说一致，但这一原理并不能完全解释所观察到的药物效应。在冲突模型中，苯二氮䓬类药物在未接触过药物的动物和接触过药物的动物中的作用有所不同。对对氯苯丙氨酸的实验尚未为血清素在相关现象中假定的作用提供明确支持。
