Granström G, Kullaa-Mikkonen A
Department of Oto-, Rhino-, Laryngology , University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 1990;24(1):3-12. doi: 10.3109/02844319009004513.
A syndrome which showed similarities to human branchial arch syndromes could be induced in Sprague-Dawley rat embryos by exposing them to retinoids prenatally. Treatment of pregnant rats with 40 mg/kg retinoic acid or 10 mg/kg etretinate on pregnancy day 8.5-9 resulted in craniofacial defects in 100% of the embryos. A scanning electron microscopic investigation of the early stages in the development of these malformations showed abnormal skull form, disorganised surface epithelium with "cell blebbing", lateral facial clefts, facial fistulas, narrowed skull-base and reduced size of the nasal and maxillary complexes. Histological examination confirmed these findings and supported the hypothesis that a main reason for this syndrome is hindrance of migration of the cranial neural crest cells to the facial processes during early craniofacial formation.
通过在产前将斯普拉格-道利大鼠胚胎暴露于维甲酸类物质，可诱导出一种与人类鳃弓综合征相似的综合征。在妊娠第8.5 - 9天用40mg/kg维甲酸或10mg/kg依曲替酯处理怀孕大鼠，100%的胚胎出现颅面缺陷。对这些畸形发育早期阶段的扫描电子显微镜研究显示，颅骨形态异常、表面上皮紊乱伴有“细胞泡化”、面部侧裂、面部瘘管、颅底变窄以及鼻和上颌复合体尺寸减小。组织学检查证实了这些发现，并支持了这样一种假说，即该综合征的主要原因是在颅面早期形成过程中，颅神经嵴细胞向面部突起迁移受阻。
