Intellectual Disability Medicine, Department of General Practice, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Res Dev Disabil. 2013 Oct;34(10):3301-16. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.07.005. Epub 2013 Jul 26.
Cardiorespiratory fitness is the ability of the circulatory, respiratory and muscular systems to supply oxygen during sustained physical activity. Low cardiorespiratory fitness levels have been found in individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID), which puts them at higher risk for cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality. The aims of this review were to update previous reviews about (a) the cardiorespiratory fitness levels and their determinants in individuals with ID, and (b) the validity and reliability of cardiorespiratory fitness testing in individuals with ID. We searched the databases of Pubmed and Embase for relevant studies, resulting in 31 included articles. These studies mainly included younger participants with mild to moderate ID. Results confirmed previous findings of low cardiorespiratory fitness levels in individuals with ID. Cardiorespiratory fitness levels of children and adolescents with ID are already low, with further decline with increasing age. Furthermore, females have lower cardiorespiratory fitness levels than males. Physical inactivity and chronotropic incompetence are most likely to contribute to low cardiorespiratory fitness levels. Peak cardiorespiratory fitness levels of individuals with ID can be assessed with maximal treadmill protocols, after allowing for familiarization sessions. Although, predicting maximal oxygen uptake from field tests is problematic, field tests have been found valid and reliable as indicators of cardiorespiratory fitness.
心肺适能是循环、呼吸和肌肉系统在持续体力活动中供应氧气的能力。智力障碍（ID）个体的心肺适能水平较低，这使他们患心血管疾病和全因死亡率的风险更高。本综述的目的是更新之前关于（a）ID 个体的心肺适能水平及其决定因素，以及（b）ID 个体心肺适能测试的有效性和可靠性的综述。我们在 Pubmed 和 Embase 数据库中搜索了相关研究，共纳入 31 篇文章。这些研究主要包括年龄较小、轻度至中度 ID 的参与者。结果证实了之前 ID 个体心肺适能水平较低的发现。智障儿童和青少年的心肺适能水平已经较低，随着年龄的增长进一步下降。此外，女性的心肺适能水平低于男性。身体活动不足和变时性功能不全很可能导致心肺适能水平较低。经过熟悉化过程后，个体的最大心肺适能水平可以通过最大跑步机方案进行评估。虽然从现场测试中预测最大摄氧量存在问题，但现场测试已被证明是心肺适能的有效和可靠指标。
