Graduate School of the Environment, Macquarie University, North Ryde NSW 2109, Australia; CSIRO Earth Science and Resource Engineering, North Ryde NSW 2113, Australia.
Environ Res. 2013 Oct;126:171-8. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2013.06.002. Epub 2013 Jul 26.
As part of the only national survey of lead in Australian children, which was undertaken in 1996, lead isotopic and lead concentration measurements were obtained from children from 24 dwellings whose blood lead levels were ≥15 µg/dL in an attempt to determine the source(s) of their elevated blood lead. Comparisons were made with data for six children with lower blood lead levels (<10 µg/dL).
Thermal ionisation and isotope dilution mass spectrometry were used to determine high precision lead isotopic ratios (208Pb/206pb, 207Pb/206Pb and 206Pb/204Pb) and lead concentrations in blood, dust from floor wipes, soil, drinking water and paint (where available). Evaluation of associations between blood and the environmental samples was based on the analysis of individual cases, and Pearson correlations and multiple regression analyses based on the whole dataset.
The correlations showed an association for isotopic ratios in blood and wipes (r=0.52, 95% CI 0.19-0.74), blood and soil (r=0.33, 95% CI -0.05-0.62), and blood and paint (r=0.56, 95% CI 0.09-0.83). The regression analyses indicated that the only statistically significant relationship for blood isotopic ratios was with dust wipes (B=0.65, 95% CI 0.35-0.95); there were no significant associations for lead concentrations in blood and environmental samples. There is a strong isotopic correlation of soils and house dust (r=0.53, 95% CI 0.20-0.75) indicative of a common source(s) for lead in soil and house dust. In contrast, as with the regression analyses, no such association is present for bulk lead concentrations (r=-0.003, 95% CI -0.37-0.36), the most common approach employed in source investigations. In evaluation of the isotopic results on a case by case basis, the strongest associations were for dust wipes and blood.
作为唯一一项针对澳大利亚儿童铅含量的全国性调查的一部分，该调查于 1996 年进行，从血铅水平≥15μg/dL 的 24 个住宅中的儿童身上获取了铅同位素和铅浓度测量值，试图确定他们血液中铅含量升高的来源。并将这些数据与六名血铅水平较低(<10μg/dL)的儿童的数据进行了比较。
采用热电离和同位素稀释质谱法，测定血液、地板擦拭灰尘、土壤、饮用水和油漆（如有）中的高精度铅同位素比值（208Pb/206Pb、207Pb/206Pb 和 206Pb/204Pb）和铅浓度。基于个体病例的分析，以及基于整个数据集的 Pearson 相关性和多元回归分析，评估血液与环境样本之间的相关性。
相关性分析显示，血液与擦拭物（r=0.52，95%置信区间 0.19-0.74）、血液与土壤（r=0.33，95%置信区间-0.05-0.62）以及血液与油漆（r=0.56，95%置信区间 0.09-0.83）之间存在同位素比值相关性。回归分析表明，血液同位素比值与灰尘擦拭物之间存在唯一具有统计学意义的关系（B=0.65，95%置信区间 0.35-0.95）；血液与环境样本中铅浓度之间没有显著相关性。土壤和房屋灰尘之间存在很强的同位素相关性（r=0.53，95%置信区间 0.20-0.75），表明土壤和房屋灰尘中的铅具有共同来源。相比之下，正如回归分析所示，对于批量铅浓度（r=-0.003，95%置信区间-0.37-0.36），不存在这种相关性，批量铅浓度是源调查中最常用的方法。在逐个病例评估同位素结果时，灰尘擦拭物和血液之间的相关性最强。
