Freeze fracture and scanning electron microscope studies on the nuclear envelope and perinuclear cytomembranes (parabasal apparatus) in the protozoan, Lophomonas blattarum.

Phase contrast, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and freeze fracture studies on the parasitic flagellate, Lophomonas blattarum, have demonstrated that the endomembrane system (parabasal apparatus) is highly ordered, restricted in position to a perinuclear zone at the anterior end of the organism, and is supported in this localized cytoplasmic region by overlapping sheets or plates of microtubules, previously called the calyx and axial filament, which may participate in supporting the nucleus-endomembrane system in a restricted region of the cell. Light microscope observations, SEM and freeze fracture data provide support to previous views that the rough- and smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum are interconnected and attached to the outer layer of the nuclear envelope. The continuity of these membrane systems provides an orderly and restricted packing in the perinuclear cytoplasm since other areas of the cell may become filled with yeast. These flagellates are especially adept at phagocytosis of entire yeast. In yeast-laden cells, the flagella-nucleus-parabasal body-calyx-axial filament complex may separate from the remainder of the cell and assume a motile existence for a time. The significance of the described relationships, in addition to providing efficiency in endomembrane localization, may also reflect synthesis of enzymes and proteins by the RER and packaging in the SER, both of which are continuous. Granules characteristic of glycogen are concentrated around the SER which may be involved in glycogen metabolism. Although critical information is lacking, the endomembrane system may also be involved in the synthesis and morphogenesis of lysosomes, and perhaps peroxisomes. Lophomonas thus amplifies a highly ordered spatial relationship between the nuclear envelope and the ER.