Lonc Elzbieta, Gościniak Grazyna
Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Wrocław University, Przybyszewskiego 66/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland.
Ann Parasitol. 2012;58(4):189-99.
The lives and scientific achievements of two outstanding Polish biologists - Professors Rudolf Weigl (1883-1957) and Ludwik Hirszfeld (1884-1954) - are presented in the context of the social and political events before and after World War II. The main aim is to recall and emphasise the very modern studies conducted in the two decades between the wars in the Polish scientific centres of Lvov and Warsaw, and the resulting concepts which provided the basis for both the modern microbiological-parasitological experiments and the organisation of post-war teaching and research institutions in Poland. An attempt is made at analysing the effect of scientific paradigms from the boundary of the 19th and 20th centuries on the activity and attitudes of the two outstanding scientists. Their fates coincided in the dramatic war circumstances. Attention is drawn to human and extra-human factors which determined their very different fates in the last, post-war period of their lives. In August 1945 Prof. L. Hirszfeld moved from Lublin to Wrocław where he became famous as the first Dean of the Faculty of Medicine of Wrocław University and the founder of the Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy of the Polish Academy of Sciences. At the same time the Weigl Institute in Lvov, world famous for production of the first anti-typhoid vaccine, was never reconstructed in the post-war Poland, and the full scientific potential of the vaccine's inventor remained unrealised in the university circles of Cracow and Poznań, where Weigl was Professsor of biology departments.
两位杰出的波兰生物学家——鲁道夫·魏格尔教授（1883 - 1957）和卢德维克·赫尔斯菲尔德教授（1884 - 1954）的生平及科学成就，是在第二次世界大战前后的社会和政治事件背景下呈现的。主要目的是回顾并强调在两次世界大战之间的二十年里，于波兰利沃夫和华沙的科学中心所进行的极具现代性的研究，以及由此产生的概念，这些概念为现代微生物学 - 寄生虫学实验以及波兰战后教学和研究机构的组织奠定了基础。本文试图分析19世纪与20世纪之交的科学范式对这两位杰出科学家的活动和态度所产生的影响。他们的命运在战争的戏剧性环境中交织在一起。文中还关注了在他们生命的最后战后时期决定了他们截然不同命运的人为和非人为因素。1945年8月，赫尔斯菲尔德教授从卢布林迁至弗罗茨瓦夫，在那里他成为弗罗茨瓦夫大学医学院的首任院长，并成为波兰科学院免疫学与实验疗法研究所的创始人，声名远扬。与此同时，以生产首批抗伤寒疫苗而闻名于世的利沃夫的魏格尔研究所，在战后的波兰却从未得以重建，而这位疫苗发明者的全部科学潜力在他担任生物学系教授的克拉科夫和波兹南的大学圈子里也始终未得到发挥。
