The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Plant Biotechnol J. 2013 Oct;11(8):907-20. doi: 10.1111/pbi.12099. Epub 2013 Aug 7.
Potato is the third most important global food crop and the most widely grown noncereal crop. As a species highly amenable to cell culture, it has a long history of biotechnology applications for crop improvement. This review begins with a historical perspective on potato improvement using biotechnology encompassing pathogen elimination, wide hybridization, ploidy manipulation and applications of cell culture. We describe the past developments and new approaches for gene transfer to potato. Transformation is highly effective for adding single genes to existing elite potato clones with no, or minimal, disturbances to their genetic background and represents the only effective way to produce isogenic lines of specific genotypes/cultivars. This is virtually impossible via traditional breeding as, due to the high heterozygosity in the tetraploid potato genome, the genetic integrity of potato clones is lost upon sexual reproduction as a result of allele segregation. These genetic attributes have also provided challenges for the development of genetic maps and applications of molecular markers and genomics in potato breeding. Various molecular approaches used to characterize loci, (candidate) genes and alleles in potato, and associating phenotype with genotype are also described. The recent determination of the potato genome sequence has presented new opportunities for genomewide assays to provide tools for gene discovery and enabling the development of robustly unique marker haplotypes spanning QTL regions. The latter will be useful in introgression breeding and whole-genome approaches such as genomic selection to improve the efficiency of selecting elite clones and enhancing genetic gain over time.
土豆是全球第三大重要粮食作物，也是种植最为广泛的非谷类作物。作为一种非常适合细胞培养的物种，它在利用生物技术改良作物方面有着悠久的历史。本文从利用生物技术改良土豆的历史视角开始，涵盖了病原体消除、远缘杂交、多倍体操作以及细胞培养的应用。我们描述了过去向土豆进行基因转移的发展和新方法。转化对于向现有优良土豆克隆体添加单个基因非常有效，且对其遗传背景几乎没有或没有任何干扰，代表了生产特定基因型/品种同基因系的唯一有效方法。这实际上是通过传统的育种方法无法实现的，因为在四倍体土豆基因组中存在高度的杂合性，土豆克隆体的遗传完整性在有性繁殖时会由于等位基因分离而丧失。这些遗传特性也为在土豆育种中开发遗传图谱和应用分子标记和基因组学带来了挑战。还描述了用于鉴定土豆中基因座、（候选）基因和等位基因以及将表型与基因型相关联的各种分子方法。土豆基因组序列的最近确定为全基因组分析提供了新的机会，为基因发现提供了工具，并使开发跨越 QTL 区域的稳健独特标记单倍型成为可能。后者将在导入育种和全基因组方法（如基因组选择）中非常有用，以提高选择优良克隆体的效率，并随着时间的推移提高遗传增益。
