Neyer Franz J, Mund Marcus, Zimmermann Julia, Wrzus Cornelia
Friedrich-Schiller University Jena.
J Pers. 2014 Dec;82(6):539-50. doi: 10.1111/jopy.12063. Epub 2013 Oct 18.
The transactional paradigm states that people create, maintain, and change their environments according to their personalities. At the same time, the environment reacts back on personality. As social relationships are part of an individual's environment, this likewise implies that there are reciprocal transactions between personality and relationships. However, earlier studies have concluded that adult personality traits are so stable that they have a stronger effect on later relationships, but that relationship effects on personality are negligible. In this article, we contend that personality-relationship transactions should be revisited. We submit that the relative powers of personality versus relationship effects depend on the type of life transition during which the effects take place: Relationship effects on personality development are more likely to emerge in the context of rather normative and highly scripted life transitions, whereas personality effects on relationship development are more likely to occur in the context of rather non-normative life transitions that are less regulated by social expectations. We illustrate these assumptions with examples from our own work and other findings reported in the literature. Furthermore, we theorize that effects of personality-relationship transactions on health also vary with the normativeness of the eliciting life transition.
交互作用范式认为，人们根据自身性格创造、维持并改变他们的环境。与此同时，环境也会对性格产生反作用。由于社会关系是个体环境的一部分，这同样意味着性格与关系之间存在着相互作用。然而，早期研究得出结论，成人人格特质非常稳定，它们对后期关系的影响更强，但关系对人格的影响可以忽略不计。在本文中，我们认为应该重新审视人格与关系的相互作用。我们提出，人格效应与关系效应的相对影响力取决于效应发生时生活转变的类型：关系对人格发展的影响更有可能出现在相当规范且高度程式化的生活转变背景下，而人格对关系发展的影响更有可能发生在受社会期望约束较少的相当非规范的生活转变背景下。我们用我们自己的研究实例以及文献中报道的其他研究结果来说明这些假设。此外，我们提出理论，人格与关系相互作用对健康的影响也会因引发生活转变的规范性而有所不同。
