Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Carretera de la Coruña Km 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
Aquat Toxicol. 2013 Sep 15;140-141:439-48. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.07.007. Epub 2013 Jul 22.
Here we addressed the possible effects of trace levels of contaminants on fish by means of a combination of biomarker responses, active biomonitoring (ABM), and chemical analysis. In environmental studies, cytochromes P4501A (Cyp1A) and Cyp3A and related enzyme activities (7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, EROD, and benzyloxy-4-[trifluoromethyl]-coumarin-O-debenzyloxylase, BFCOD, respectively) are commonly used as biomarkers for evidencing exposure to a variety of contaminants. In a rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fish farm that is routinely sampled to obtain references regarding normal levels of such enzyme activities in freshwater fish, we observed a strong and punctual increase in these activities at the end of 2011. In order to shed light on the causes of this induction, we transferred some fish to a fish farm with controlled conditions and examined them using an active biomonitoring (ABM) approach. EROD activity showed a decrease of 80% from the original values after 7 days in the control farm, while BFCOD activity was also reduced after 15 days. Although not significant, a decrease in cyp1A and cyp3A mRNA levels was also observed. To determine the presence of pollutants, water and sediment samples from the river feeding the fish farm were analyzed by two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOF-MS). The screening study reflected a weak inflow of pollutants in the monitored area, which is located far from any industrial activity or densely populated cities. Trace levels of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and personal care products (the polycyclic musk fragrance HHCB, and triclosan) were detected in sediments, at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 38 ng/g dry weight, and in water from 4 to 441 ng/L. The approach followed in this study proved useful as a biomonitoring technique for the early detection of trace contaminants.
在这里，我们通过生物标志物反应、主动生物监测（ABM）和化学分析的组合，研究了痕量污染物对鱼类可能产生的影响。在环境研究中，细胞色素 P4501A（Cyp1A）和 Cyp3A 以及相关酶活性（分别为 7-乙氧基resorufin-O-去乙基酶，EROD 和苯氧基-4-[三氟甲基]-香豆素-O-去苯氧基酶，BFCOD）通常被用作证明暴露于各种污染物的生物标志物。在一个虹鳟鱼（Oncorhynchus mykiss）养殖场，我们定期进行采样，以获得有关淡水鱼中这些酶活性正常水平的参考资料，我们观察到这些活性在 2011 年底强烈而突然地增加。为了阐明这种诱导的原因，我们将一些鱼转移到一个具有受控条件的养殖场，并使用主动生物监测（ABM）方法对它们进行了检查。在对照养殖场，EROD 活性在 7 天后从原始值下降了 80%，而 BFCOD 活性在 15 天后也下降了。虽然不显著，但 cyp1A 和 cyp3A mRNA 水平也有所下降。为了确定污染物的存在，我们用二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱法（GC×GC-TOF-MS）对来自为养殖场供水的河流的水和沉积物样本进行了分析。筛选研究反映出在监测区域内污染物的流入量很弱，该区域远离任何工业活动或人口稠密的城市。在沉积物中检测到痕量多环芳烃（PAHs）和个人护理产品（多环麝香香精 HHCB 和三氯生），浓度范围为 0.01 至 38 ng/g 干重，水中浓度为 4 至 441 ng/L。本研究中采用的方法被证明是一种有用的生物监测技术，可用于早期检测痕量污染物。
