Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water & Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2013 Oct;104(4):489-97. doi: 10.1007/s10482-013-9990-5. Epub 2013 Aug 9.
Anammox bacteria obtain their energy for growth from the anaerobic oxidation of ammonium with nitrite to dinitrogen gas. This property has made anammox bacteria very valuable for industry where they are applied for the removal of nitrogen compounds from industrial and domestic wastewaters. Anammox bacteria are also important in nature where they contribute significantly to oceanic nitrogen loss. Further, anammox bacteria have similarities to both Archaea and Eukarya, making them extremely interesting from a cell biological perspective. The anammox cell does not conform to the typical prokaryotic cell plan: single bilayer membranes divide the anammox cell into three distinct cellular compartments that possibly also have distinct cellular functions. The innermost and largest compartment, the anammoxosome, is the location of the energy metabolism. The middle compartment, the riboplasm, contains the nucleoid and ribosomes and thus has a genetic, information processing function. Finally, the outermost compartment, the paryphoplasm, has an as yet unknown function. In addition, anammox bacteria are proposed to have an atypical cell wall devoid of both peptidoglycan and a typical outer membrane. Here, I review the current knowledge on the cell biology of this enigmatic group of bacteria.
厌氧氨氧化菌从氨和亚硝酸盐的厌氧氧化中获取生长所需的能量，生成氮气。这一特性使得厌氧氨氧化菌在工业上具有很高的应用价值，可用于去除工业和生活废水中的氮化合物。在自然界中，厌氧氨氧化菌也很重要，它们对海洋中的氮损失有很大的贡献。此外，厌氧氨氧化菌与古菌和真核生物都有相似之处，从细胞生物学的角度来看，它们非常有趣。厌氧氨氧化菌的细胞不符合典型的原核细胞模式：双层膜将厌氧氨氧化菌细胞分为三个不同的细胞区室，这些区室可能具有不同的细胞功能。最里面、最大的区室是厌氧氨氧化体，是能量代谢的场所。中间的区室是核糖质体，含有核质和核糖体，因此具有遗传和信息处理功能。最外层的区室是周质体，其功能尚不清楚。此外，有研究提出厌氧氨氧化菌的细胞壁是典型的肽聚糖和外膜所缺失的，是一种非典型的细胞壁。本文综述了这一神秘细菌群的细胞生物学的最新研究进展。
