van Teeseling Muriel C F, Neumann Sarah, van Niftrik Laura
Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol. 2013;23(1-2):104-17. doi: 10.1159/000346547. Epub 2013 Apr 18.
Anammox bacteria convert ammonium and nitrite to dinitrogen gas under anaerobic conditions to obtain their energy for growth. The anammox reaction was deemed impossible until its discovery in the early 1990s. Now, anammox bacteria are recognized as major players in the global nitrogen cycle and estimated to be responsible for up to 50% of the nitrogen in the air that we breathe. In addition, anammox bacteria are extremely valuable for wastewater treatment where they are applied for the removal of ammonium. Besides their importance in industry and the environment, anammox bacteria defy some basic biological concepts. Whereas most other bacteria have only one cell compartment, the cytoplasm, anammox bacteria have three independent cell compartments bounded by bilayer membranes, from out- to inside; the paryphoplasm, riboplasm and anammoxosome. The anammoxosome is the largest compartment of the anammox cell and is proposed to be dedicated to energy conservation. As such it would be analogous to the mitochondria of eukaryotes. This review will discuss the anammox cell plan in detail, with the main focus on the anammoxosome. The identity of the anammoxosome as a prokaryotic organelle and the importance of this organelle for anammox bacteria are discussed as well as challenges these bacteria face by having three independent cell compartments.
厌氧氨氧化细菌在厌氧条件下将铵和亚硝酸盐转化为氮气，以获取生长所需的能量。在20世纪90年代初被发现之前，厌氧氨氧化反应被认为是不可能发生的。如今，厌氧氨氧化细菌被公认为全球氮循环的主要参与者，据估计，我们呼吸的空气中高达50%的氮是由它们产生的。此外，厌氧氨氧化细菌在废水处理中极具价值，它们被用于去除铵。除了在工业和环境中的重要性外，厌氧氨氧化细菌还违背了一些基本的生物学概念。大多数其他细菌只有一个细胞区室，即细胞质，而厌氧氨氧化细菌有三个由双层膜界定的独立细胞区室，从外到内依次为：周质、核糖质和厌氧氨氧化体。厌氧氨氧化体是厌氧氨氧化细胞中最大的区室，被认为专门用于能量守恒。因此，它类似于真核生物的线粒体。本综述将详细讨论厌氧氨氧化细胞结构，主要聚焦于厌氧氨氧化体。将讨论厌氧氨氧化体作为一种原核细胞器的特性以及该细胞器对厌氧氨氧化细菌的重要性，以及这些细菌因拥有三个独立细胞区室而面临的挑战。
