National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute Puławy, Poland.
Front Microbiol. 2013 Aug 5;4:221. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00221. eCollection 2013.
Monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli (N = 3430) isolated from slaughtered broilers, laying hens, turkeys, swine, and cattle in Poland has been run between 2009 and 2012. Based on minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) microbiological resistance to each of 14 tested antimicrobials was found reaching the highest values for tetracycline (43.3%), ampicillin (42.3%), and ciprofloxacin (39.0%) whereas the lowest for colistin (0.9%), cephalosporins (3.6 ÷ 3.8%), and florfenicol (3.8%). The highest prevalence of resistance was noted in broiler and turkey isolates, whereas it was rare in cattle. That finding along with resistance patterns specific to isolation source might reflect antimicrobial consumption, usage preferences or management practices in specific animals. Regression analysis has identified changes in prevalence of microbiological resistance and shifts of MIC values. Critically important fluoroquinolone resistance was worrisome in poultry isolates, but did not change over the study period. The difference (4.7%) between resistance to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid indicated the scale of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance. Cephalosporin resistance were found in less than 3.8% of the isolates but an increasing trends were observed in poultry and MIC shift in the ones from cattle. Gentamycin resistance was also increasing in E. coli of turkey and cattle origin although prevalence of streptomycin resistance in laying hens decreased considerably. Simultaneously, decreasing MIC for phenicols observed in cattle and layers isolates as well as tetracycline values in E. coli from laying hens prove that antimicrobial resistance is multivariable phenomenon not only directly related to antimicrobial usage. Further studies should elucidate the scope of commensal E. coli as reservoirs of resistance genes, their spread and possible threats for human and animal health.
2009 年至 2012 年期间，在波兰对来自屠宰肉鸡、蛋鸡、火鸡、猪和牛的共生大肠杆菌（N = 3430）进行了抗生素耐药性监测。基于最低抑菌浓度（MIC），发现 14 种测试抗生素中每一种的微生物耐药性都达到了最高值，其中四环素（43.3%）、氨苄西林（42.3%）和环丙沙星（39.0%），而多粘菌素（0.9%）、头孢菌素（3.6-3.8%）和氟苯尼考（3.8%）的耐药性最低。在肉鸡和火鸡分离株中观察到最高的耐药率，而在牛中则很少见。这一发现以及特定分离源的耐药模式可能反映了特定动物的抗生素消耗、使用偏好或管理实践。回归分析确定了微生物耐药性的流行率变化和 MIC 值的变化。重要的氟喹诺酮类耐药性在禽类分离株中令人担忧，但在研究期间没有变化。环丙沙星和萘啶酸耐药性之间的差异（4.7%）表明了质粒介导的喹诺酮耐药性的程度。头孢菌素耐药性在不到 3.8%的分离株中发现，但在禽畜中观察到耐药性呈上升趋势，且来自牛的分离株 MIC 值发生变化。虽然来自蛋鸡的链霉素耐药性显著下降，但来自火鸡和牛的大肠杆菌对庆大霉素的耐药性也在增加。同时，在牛和蛋鸡分离株中观察到对苯氧乙醇的 MIC 值下降以及来自蛋鸡的大肠杆菌中四环素值下降，这证明抗生素耐药性是一个多变量现象，不仅与抗生素的使用直接相关。进一步的研究应该阐明共生大肠杆菌作为耐药基因库的范围、它们的传播以及对人类和动物健康的可能威胁。
