EASSA Study Group, c/o CEESA, 1 Rue Defacqz, Brussels, Belgium.
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 Mar;67(3):638-51. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkr539. Epub 2011 Dec 29.
To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter and Enterococcus from cattle, pigs and chickens across the European Union (EU) using uniform methodology.
Intestinal samples (1624) were taken at slaughter across five EU countries. Bacteria were isolated in national laboratories, whilst MICs were determined in a central laboratory for key antimicrobials used in human medicine. Clinical resistance was based on CLSI breakpoints and decreased susceptibility based on European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)/EUCAST epidemiological cut-off values.
Isolation rates were high for E. coli (n=1540), low for Salmonella (n=201) and intermediate for Campylobacter (n=940) and Enterococcus (n=786). For E. coli and Salmonella, clinical resistance to newer compounds (cefepime, cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin) was absent or low, but decreased susceptibility was apparent, particularly in chicken strains. Resistance to older compounds (except gentamicin) was variable and higher. Colistin resistance was absent for E. coli, but apparent for Salmonella. For Campylobacter jejuni, ciprofloxacin resistance was markedly prevalent for chickens, whereas clinical resistance and decreased susceptibility to erythromycin was absent or very low. For Campylobacter coli, resistance was notably higher. None of the Enterococcus faecium strains was resistant to linezolid, but some were resistant to ampicillin or vancomycin. Resistance to quinupristin/dalfopristin was frequent.
Resistance patterns varied widely depending on bacterial species, antibiotics, hosts and region. Resistance varied among countries, particularly for older antimicrobials, but clinical resistance to newer antibiotics used to treat foodborne disease in humans was generally very low. In the absence of resistance to newer compounds in E. coli and Salmonella, the apparent decreased susceptibility should be monitored.
采用统一方法，确定欧盟（EU）范围内牛、猪和鸡源大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、弯曲杆菌和肠球菌的抗菌药物敏感性。
在 5 个欧盟国家的屠宰场采集肠道样本（1624 份）。国家实验室分离细菌，而关键人用抗菌药物的 MIC 则在中央实验室确定。临床耐药性基于 CLSI 折点，而根据欧洲食品安全局（EFSA）/欧盟药敏委员会（EUCAST）的流行病学折点值，判断为药物敏感性降低。
大肠杆菌（n=1540）的分离率较高，沙门氏菌（n=201）较低，弯曲杆菌（n=940）和肠球菌（n=786）则处于中间水平。对于大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌，新型化合物（头孢吡肟、头孢噻肟和环丙沙星）的临床耐药性缺失或较低，但敏感性降低，尤其是鸡株。对旧化合物（除庆大霉素外）的耐药性存在差异且更高。大肠杆菌对黏菌素耐药性缺失，但沙门氏菌耐药。空肠弯曲杆菌对环丙沙星的耐药性在鸡中明显流行，而红霉素的临床耐药性和敏感性降低缺失或非常低。结肠弯曲杆菌的耐药性显著更高。粪肠球菌株均对利奈唑胺敏感，但有些对氨苄西林或万古霉素耐药。对奎奴普丁/达福普汀的耐药性频繁。
耐药模式因细菌种类、抗生素、宿主和地区而异。国家间耐药性存在差异，尤其是对旧抗菌药物，但用于治疗人类食源性疾病的新型抗生素的临床耐药性通常非常低。在大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌未出现新型化合物耐药的情况下，应监测其药物敏感性降低。
