Reifenrath Janin, Angrisani Nina, Lalk Mareike, Besdo Silke
Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
J Biomed Mater Res A. 2014 Aug;102(8):2884-900. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.34920. Epub 2013 Aug 30.
In the field of fracture healing it is essential to know the impacts of new materials. Fracture healing of long bones is studied in various animal models and extrapolated for use in humans, although there are differences between the micro- and macrostructure of human versus animal bone. Unfortunately, recommended standardized models for fracture repair studies do not exist. Many different study designs with various animal models are used. Concerning the general principles of replacement, refinement and reduction in animal experiments (three "Rs"), a standardization would be desirable to facilitate better comparisons between different studies. In addition, standardized methods allow better prediction of bone healing properties and implant requirements with computational models. In this review, the principles of bone fracture healing and differences between osteotomy and artificial fracture models as well as influences of fixation devices are summarized. Fundamental considerations regarding animal model choice are discussed, as it is very important to know the limitations of the chosen model. In addition, a compendium of common animal models is assembled with special focus on rats, rabbits, and sheep as most common fracture models. Fracture healing simulation is a basic tool in reducing the number of experimental animals, so its progress is also presented here. In particular, simulation of different animal models is presented. In conclusion, a standardized fracture model is of utmost importance for the best adaption of simulation to experimental setups and comparison between different studies. One of the basic goals should be to reach a consensus for standardized fracture models.
在骨折愈合领域，了解新材料的影响至关重要。长骨骨折愈合在各种动物模型中进行研究，并外推至人类使用，尽管人类和动物骨骼的微观和宏观结构存在差异。不幸的是，目前尚无推荐的用于骨折修复研究的标准化模型。人们使用了许多不同的研究设计和各种动物模型。关于动物实验中替代、优化和减少的一般原则（三个“R”原则），标准化将有助于不同研究之间进行更好的比较。此外，标准化方法能够通过计算模型更好地预测骨愈合特性和植入物需求。在本综述中，总结了骨折愈合的原理、截骨术和人工骨折模型之间的差异以及固定装置的影响。讨论了关于动物模型选择的基本考虑因素，因为了解所选模型的局限性非常重要。此外，汇编了常见动物模型简编，特别关注大鼠、兔子和绵羊这三种最常见的骨折模型。骨折愈合模拟是减少实验动物数量的一种基本工具，因此这里也介绍了其进展情况。特别是，介绍了不同动物模型的模拟。总之，标准化骨折模型对于使模拟与实验设置最佳适配以及不同研究之间的比较至关重要。一个基本目标应该是就标准化骨折模型达成共识。
