Heller Tamar, Sorensen Amy
Department of Disability and Human Development (MC 626), University of Illinois at Chicago, 1640 W. Roosevelt Road, Chicago, Illinois 60608, USA.
Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2013;18(1):22-30. doi: 10.1002/ddrr.1125.
This article reviews the research on health promotion for adults aging with developmental disabilities. First, it examines barriers to healthy aging, including health behaviors and access to health screenings and services. Second, it reviews the research on health promotion interventions, including physical activity interventions, health education interventions, and health care and screening preventive services. This review found evidence that the three types of health promotion interventions, physical activity and exercise, health education and mixed approaches, and health care and screening services can play a role in reducing health disparities for adults with developmental disabilities. Studies focusing primarily on physical activity and exercise tended to show improved fitness and some success in reducing obesity, reducing maladaptive behaviors, and improving alertness, though none of these studies showed longer term health benefits. The studies that took a more holistic approach by also including exercise and nutrition health education tended to show some evidence not only for changes in weight reduction but also for changes in health behavior attitudes (exercise self-efficacy, outcomes expectations, and barriers) and behaviors (e.g., dietary intake) and to a limited extent for improved life satisfaction. The literature on health screenings and services demonstrated the important role of health checks in identifying previously undetected conditions. These conditions include life threatening ones such as cancer and cardio-vascular disease, as well as less serious conditions that are often more common among adults with developmental disabilities and could be treated if caught early.
本文综述了针对患有发育障碍的成年老年人的健康促进研究。首先，探讨了健康老龄化的障碍，包括健康行为以及获得健康筛查和服务的机会。其次，回顾了健康促进干预措施的研究，包括体育活动干预、健康教育干预以及医疗保健和筛查预防服务。该综述发现，体育活动与锻炼、健康教育与综合方法以及医疗保健和筛查服务这三种健康促进干预措施，在减少发育障碍成年人的健康差距方面均可发挥作用。主要关注体育活动与锻炼的研究往往显示出身体机能得到改善，在减少肥胖、减少适应不良行为以及提高警觉性方面取得了一些成效，不过这些研究均未显示出长期健康益处。采取更全面方法（还包括运动和营养健康教育）的研究往往显示出一些证据，不仅表明体重减轻有所变化，而且健康行为态度（运动自我效能感、结果期望和障碍）和行为（如饮食摄入量）也有所变化，并且在一定程度上生活满意度有所提高。关于健康筛查和服务的文献表明，健康检查在发现先前未被察觉的病症方面发挥着重要作用。这些病症包括癌症和心血管疾病等危及生命的疾病，以及在发育障碍成年人中往往更为常见、若早发现可得到治疗的不太严重的疾病。
