School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 E. Greenfield Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53204, United States.
Chemosphere. 2013 Nov;93(9):2116-23. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.057. Epub 2013 Aug 23.
The monitoring of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) has focused on the distribution in rivers and small lakes, but data regarding their occurrence and effects in large lake systems, such as the Great Lakes, are sparse. Wastewater treatment processes have not been optimized to remove influent PPCPs and are a major source of PPCPs in the environment. Furthermore, PPCPs are not currently regulated in wastewater effluent. In this experiment we evaluated the concentration, and corresponding risk, of PPCPs from a wastewater effluent source at varying distances in Lake Michigan. Fifty-four PPCPs and hormones were assessed on six different dates over a two-year period from surface water and sediment samples up to 3.2 km from a wastewater treatment plant and at two sites within a harbor. Thirty-two PPCPs were detected in Lake Michigan and 30 were detected in the sediment, with numerous PPCPs being detected up to 3.2 km away from the shoreline. The most frequently detected PPCPs in Lake Michigan were metformin, caffeine, sulfamethoxazole, and triclosan. To determine the ecological risk, the maximum measured environmental concentrations were compared to the predicted no-effect concentration and 14 PPCPs were found to be of medium or high ecological risk. The environmental risk of PPCPs in large lake systems, such as the Great Lakes, has been questioned due to high dilution; however, the concentrations found in this study, and their corresponding risk quotient, indicate a significant threat by PPCPs to the health of the Great Lakes, particularly near shore organisms.
药品和个人护理产品（PPCPs）的监测主要集中在河流和小湖泊的分布上，但关于它们在大湖系统（如五大湖）中的存在和影响的数据却很少。废水处理过程尚未优化以去除进水 PPCPs，是环境中 PPCPs 的主要来源。此外，目前还没有对废水处理厂中的 PPCPs 进行监管。在本实验中，我们评估了从密西根湖不同距离的废水处理厂来源的 PPCPs 的浓度及其相应的风险。在两年的时间里，我们从地表水样和沉积物样中评估了 6 个不同日期的 54 种 PPCPs 和激素，采样点距离污水处理厂最远达 3.2 公里，并且在港口内的两个地点进行了采样。在密西根湖中检测到 32 种 PPCPs，在沉积物中检测到 30 种，在距离海岸线 3.2 公里处也检测到了许多 PPCPs。在密西根湖中最常检测到的 PPCPs 是二甲双胍、咖啡因、磺胺甲恶唑和三氯生。为了确定生态风险，将最大实测环境浓度与预测无效应浓度进行了比较，发现有 14 种 PPCPs 具有中等到高生态风险。由于高度稀释，人们一直质疑大型湖泊系统（如五大湖）中的 PPCPs 的环境风险；然而，本研究中发现的浓度及其相应的风险商数表明，PPCPs 对大湖，尤其是近岸生物的健康构成了重大威胁。
